PNB 2265 Practical #1

erythrocytes function

transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and CO2 from the tissues back to the lungs for exhalation

thrombocytes function

stop bleeding and help wounds heal

erythrocytes

red blood cells

thrombocytes

platelets

leukocytes

white blood cells

leukocytes

protect against infections and disease; identify forgein invaders- bacteria and viruses

hereditary condition; abnormal hemoglobin is produced (which disease)

sickle cell anemia

infectious mononucleosis

viral disease; increased production of monocytes and lymphocytes

polycythemia

overproductino of RBCs; result of bone marrow cancer

hemoglobin

critical protein found on surface of RBC; made of 4 globin subunits and 4 hem groups; each group has an IRON molecule that binds oxygen

hematocrit

multiple different disorders can be seen in a hematocrit; polycythemia; dehyration; anemai

A= elc equation

%saturation= (A-B)/ (A-C) x 100%

a=

aborbance after complete deoxygenation (after removing oxygen)

b=

abrobance after each deoxygenation stop (between)

c=

absorbance before deoxygenation (before removing oxygen)

right shift oxygen affinity

lower

easier to unload what shift

right

A

pulmonary trunk

b

aorta

c

superior vena cava

D

pulmonary vein

1

interventricular sulcus

2

interventricular septum

3

tricuspid valve

4

bicuspid valve

5

papillary muscle

6

pectinate muscle

7

chordae tendinae

8

ventricle

9

atrium

which

artherosclerosis

which

MI

which

cardiac muscle

which

neutrophil

which

monocytes

eosinophils

basophils

pulmonary trunk (blood flow)

from the heart

pulmonary arteries blood flow

from the heart

aortic arch blood flow

from the heart

brachiocephalic trunk

from the heart

left common cortotid artery. blood flow

from the heart

descending thoracic aorta blood flow

from the heart

R/L subclavian arteries

blood flow to the upper limbs

r/l axillary artery

blood flow to the upper limbs

r/l brachial artery

blood flow to the upper limbs

r/l radial artery

blood flow to the upper limbs

descending abdominal aorta

descending abdominal aorta

abdominal blood flow

celiac trunk

abdominal blood flow

superior mesenteric artery

abdominal blood flow

inferior mesenteric artery

abdominal blood flow

r/l common iliac arteries

blood flow to the lower limbs

r/l internal iliac artery

blood flow to the lower limbs

r/l external iliac artery

blood flow to the lower limbs

r/l femoral artery

blood flow to the lower limbs

frog heart number of chambers

3; 2 atria and one ventricle

mechanism of Ach

slows heart rate

mechanism for NE

speeds up heart rate

expected observation for increase of calcium

obvious increase in force with little or no increase in heart rate

expected observations for increseae in potassium (K+)

increase in HR then decrease in HR, no change in force

increased potassium reasoning

depolarizes the membrane potential of pacemaker cells and decreases driving force

reasoning for potassium concentration

depolarizes the membrane potential of pacemaker cells and decreases driving force

decrease in temp expected observations

decrease in HR

reasoning behind decrease HR

proteins and enzymes require optimal temp to work efficiently

isuprel expected observations

increase HR and contractile force

isuprel reasoning

activate beta-1 adrenergic receptor, “fight or flight”

Ach expected observations

decrease heart rate

Ach resoning

activate muscinaric receptors, “rest or digest”

atropine then Ach expected observations

normal HR and force

reasoning for atropine then Ach

plant alkaloid, block muscinaric receptors

mechanical stretch expected observations

increase contractile force, no decline phase due to pericardium

mechanical stretch reasoning

Frank-starling law