Enzymes

What is an enzyme

Protein catalyst

Chemical composition/ Biomolecule

Protein

Where is enzymes produced

Ribosome

Shape of enzyme

Folded

Substrate

Is the substance with which the enzyme reacts

Product

Is the substance the enzyme forms

Active site

Is the part of an enzyme that combines with a substrate

Specificity of an enzyme

An enzyme will only act on one substrate

Optimum activity

Enzyme working as it’s maximum rate

Denatured enzyme

Has lost its shape and can no longer carry out its function

Enzyme substrate complex

Enzyme and substrate together

Anabolic enzymes

The addition of smaller molecules to form larger molecules

DNA polymerase

Forms and repairs DNA found in plants and animals

Catabolic enzymes

The breakdown of larger molecules to smaller molecules

Amylase

Converts starch to amylase found in the mouth

Factors affecting enzyme activity

Temperature and ph when the shape of an enzyme is fully lost the enzyme is said to be denatured

Bio processing

Is the use of an enzyme controlled reactions to produce a protein

Bioreactor

Is a vessel in which living cells or their products are used to make a product

Immobilised enzymes

Enzymes that are fixed to each other or an inert material

Methods of immobilising enzymes

Physical, trapped in gel sodium alginate is commonly used

Chemical methods, bonded to a support or to each other

Advantages of immobilised enzymes

Can be reused

Can be recovered easily

Pure product created

How enzymes work

Active site has a complementary shape to substrate these combine.

The active site changes shape slightly to allow a induced fit.

Enzyme substrate complex is formed

The product is formed and released

The enzyme returns to its original shape and can be reused

Energy carriers

The body need energy carriers to supply energy to cells

ADP

Adenosine DiPhosphate supplies small amounts of energy

ATP

Adenosine TriPhisphate supplies a lot of energy to cells

ATP composition

Adenine (base)

Ribosome (5 carbon sugar)

3 phosphate groups

ADP composition

Adenine (base)

Ribosome (5 carbon sugar)

2 phosphate groups