DRRR - Volcanoes

Tectonic Setting

It is the number of small plates squeezed between 2 convergent plate margins, separated by a small subduction zone and major transform fault.

Taal and Mayon

Two volcanoes recorded as the deadliest and costly in Ph, with 13% of its eruption have cause fatalities, while 22% of it caused significant damage.

PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology)

It is the establishment that reduced the impact and damage of eruptions.

Volcano

It is a conical hill or mountain that is an opening on the earth's surface composed or has parts of ejected materials, such as ashes and lava.

Crater

It is the opening of the volcano.

Pipe

It is the path where ejected materials pass through.

Lava

It is the molten rock that comes out of the ground, which hardens and form a cone or dome with a tunnel and a vent in the middle, creating a taller and wider volcano depending on how much it spews out.

Shield Volcano

It is one of the many type of volcanoes, in which it is built almost entirely of fluid lava flowing and pouring out in all directions, from a central summit vent or group, gently sloping a cone of flat, domical shape like a warrior's shield.

Cinder Cones

It is one of the many type of volcanoes, in which it is considered as the simplest volcano being built from particles of congealed lava (solidified lava) ejected from a single vent. It is called cinder as the gas-charged lava blows violently in the air, it breaks into smaller fragments then solidifies into cinders (ash-like) around the vent, forming circular or oval cone.

Stratovolcanoes

It is one of the many type of volcanoes, that is also know as composite volcano as they are typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones with large dimensions built of alternating layers and can rise up to 8000ft. above their bases.

Conduit System

It is a tube-like feature of stratovolcano that is under the magma chamber.

Domes

It is one of the many type of volcanoes, in which it is formed by relatively small, bulbous masses of lava too viscous that it flows a great distance.

Calderas

It is one of the many type of volcanoes, in which it is described as depressions formed by collapsed volcanoes, which are usually large, steep-walled, basin-shaped depressions.

Active Volcano

It is the state of a volcano that has records of eruptions within historic times, or eruptions recorded by a man.

Inactive Volcanoes

It is the state of a volcano where it does not have any records of eruption, but it does not mean that it will never erupt after their long rest.

Mayon, Taal, Hibok-Hibok, Kanlaon, Pinatubo

Most active volcanoes, in order of active eruptions.

Albay, Bicol Region, Luzon, Philippines

It is the location of one of the most active volcano in the Philippines.

Stratovolcano (Composite Volcano)

It is the type of volcano that the Mayon Volcano is identified as.

Mayon Volcano

It is famous worldwide for its nearly symmetric "perfect cone" shape, steep slopes formed by layers of lava and ash, and frequent pyrotechnic displays.

Taal Volcano

One of the world's smallest active volcanoes; features a "lake within a lake" setup (Volcano Island inside Taal Lake, with Main Crater Lake inside the island).

Batangas, Calabarzon Region, Luzon, Philippines

It is the location of the Taal Volcano

Complex Volcano / Caldera system (with a main crater lake on Volcano Island).

It is the type of volcano Taal is described as.

Mt. Hibok-Hibok

It features multiple lava domes and craters near its summit; its slopes are heavily forested, but its eruptions can produce high-velocity pyroclastic flows.

Camiguin Island, Northern Mindanao, Philippines

It is the location of Mt. Hibok-Hibok

Stratovolcano / Lava Dome Complex.

It is the type of volcano the Hibok-Hibok is described as.

Mt. Kanlaon

It rises 2,435 meters above sea level; features a summit crater, pyroclastic cones, and a surrounding national park with lush biodiversity.

Boundary of Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental, Visayas, Philippines.

It is the location of Mt. Kanlaon

Stratovolcano (Composite Volcano).

It is the type of volcano the Kanlaon is described as.

Mt. Pinatubo

It is first described as an obscure, heavily forested peak. Today, its summit features a large caldera filled with a turquoise crater lake.

Tri-boundary of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga, Luzon, Philippines.

It is the location of the Mt. Pinatubo

Stratovolcano (Composite Volcano)

It is the type of volcano the Pinatubo is described as.

Makes the soil fertile

It is one of the beneficial effects of volcanic eruptions where it is associated with soil, making it suitable for production of major expert crops.

Volcanic materials (perlite, pumice, scoria)

It is one of the beneficial effects of volcanic eruptions where it is utilized in the industry.

Geothermal Energy

It is the residual heat trapped in the volcano which provides this steam that can be use for power generation, and nonelectrical industrial use.

Electrical Power Generation

It is one of the uses of geothermal energy which provides extremely cheap, and reliable supply of electricity.

Industrial Application

It is one of the uses of geothermal energy which its steam can be used for heating, drying, salt making, fish canning, boric acid production/refrigeration.

Recreational and Health Applications

It is one of the uses of geothermal energy which its steam can be used for hot springs, and warm mineral springs for recreational and medical purposes.

Ashfall

It is one of the harmful effects of volcanic eruption described as the heavy downfall of the ashes that can cause harm to living beings, which can cause respiratory diseases.

Pyroclastic Flow

It is one of the harmful effects of volcanic eruption described as extremely hot, turbulent blast of volcanic fragments and hot gasses that sweep downslope, approaching the ground at 100kph.

Lahar (Mudflow)

It is one of the harmful effects of volcanic eruption described as flowing mixture if volcanic materials and water, which flows into a wider area once triggered.

Flooding

It is one of the harmful effects of volcanic eruption described as moderate to heavy rains which does not trigger lahars that transports large quantities of sediments to lowland areas.

Phreatic Explosion

It is one of the harmful effects of volcanic eruption described as light to moderate heavy ash falls in downwind areas and can cause possible damage to aircrafts, which can persist for months, and even years depending in the intensity, and recurrence of time

Secondary Explosion

It is one of the harmful effects of volcanic eruption described as when the water seeps into the still-hot pyroclastic flows, steam explosions, which ejects ashes and ballistic fragments, and can become a danger for two to three years depending on how hot its deposits are.

Earthquake

It is one of the harmful effects of volcanic eruption described as shaking or the motion of the ground, strong enough to damage or destroy weak, unstable structures.