Sports Med 2- Exam 3 Review

What is Ultrasound

Is a deep penetrating agent that produces changes in tissue through thermal and nonthermal (mechanical) mechanisms

What is Ultrasound used for?

• Diagnostic imaging

• Therapeutic deep tissue healing (1 to 3 W/cm ²)

• Tissue destruction (0.2 to 100 W

Therapeutic Ultrasound

How does an ultrasound work?

• Alternating current is applied to crystals that produce positive and negative electrical changes when they contract or expand

Sinusoidal (sine) waveform that has the following properties:

• Wavelength

• Frequency

• Amplitude

• Velocity

Longitudinal Waves

• Capable of traveling through both solid and liquid media

• can pass through soft tissue

Transverse Waves

• Longitudinal » Transverse wave

• Cannot pass through fluids

• Found in the body only when it strikes bone

Soundwaves don’t pass through bones, so it becomes transverse soundwaves when bounced off

T

Effective radiating area (ERA)

Attenuation

Half layer value

Duty Cycle

Continuous output (100%)

-causes primarily thermal effects

can be used for tissue 5 cm or more deep

Cellular permeability

Phonophoresis

An ultrasound used to push topicals deeper into the skin tissue

hypertension is primarily due to…

Increased size and number of actin and myosin

Research shows that plyometric training can improve speed, agility, balance, jumping, ability, strength, and power

True

Increases in strength from the use of isometric exercises occurs…

At specific joint angles

Which wavelengths are associated with infrared light?

bove 780 nm

Reciprocal inhibition

Signals from the Golgi tendon organ that last an extended period, causing relaxation in the antagonists

Autogenic inhibition

Prohibition

Reciprocal autogenesis

What is the optimal intramuscular temperature to improve collagen and elastic deformity?

103 F (39.4 C)

With ischemic compression, the pressure level of discomfort should be at least 7 or 8

False

Because…

Progressing from cycling to walking to jogging to running and the sprinting is an example of functional progressions

True

In general, acute conditions are commonly treated with LASER at what intensity dosage?

Less than 0.5 J/cm ²

What is the most effective length of time that static stretches should be held for increasing flexibility?

15-30 seconds

Which of the following is not a criterion for an athlete to return to full participation?

Championship game

A muscle needs to placed on stretch for at least…. seconds before the Golgi tnedon organs send a signal to decrease muscle tension in the CN

6

A key concept with open kinetic chain exercise is that exercises are reversible

False

Longer laser wavelengths penetrate deeper into tissues than shorter wavelengths

True

Which of the following mechanisms is not responsible for allowing or improving mobility and range of motion?

The mechanoreceptor response to joint position

Laser produces highly refined…. light in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared range.

Monochromatic

What is the difference between:

• Multichromatic light

• Biochromatic light

• Monochromatic light

• Trichromatic light

Which of the following is an ACSM recommendation for cardiorespiratory exercise time and intensity?

Moderate: 30 minutes per day or 5 days per week

Which of the following stretching techniques can produce the most dramatic increases in ROM?

Proprioception neuromuscular facilitation

Dynamic vs static streching

A controlled concentric and eccentric activation of a muscle over 2 joints.

Econcentric

The electromechanical delay between the eccentric and concentric muscle activations

Amortization phase

The optimal training age for maximizing the adaptive responses to plyometric training is…

10-13 and 16-18

which of these is not a psychosocial benefit to the use of functional progressions in rehabilitation?

Decreased confidence

Plyometric exercise

Plyometric exercises require no prior training or conditioning to perform and are safe for everyone

False

Which of the following is an advantage to the use of open kinetic exercise?

Decreased resistance forces

Plyometric exercises do not involve an eccentric component

False

Cardiovascular fitness

The most often neglected component of a rehabilitation program is…

Plyometric power

Muscles exerting at maximum force in short intervals

Plastic

Isokinetic

performing movement at a constant speed

Muscle Spindle

Weight bearing

Hyperelastic

Viscoelastic

Flexibility

Ability of neuromuscular system to allow for efficient movement of a joint or a series of joints through a full nonrestricted pain free range of motion

What are 6 anatomical factors that impact flexibility?

• Muscles

• Connective Tissue

• Bony Structures

• Fat

• Skin

• Neural tissue

Healthy tissue:

• Soft and supple

• Flexible

• Highly functional

• Decreases joint load

Fibrotic tissue is:

• Hard and fibrous

• Inflexible

• Less functional

• Increases joint load

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

• Dynamic flexibility

• Joint movement via muscle contraction

• Ability to move a joint with little resistance

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

• Static flexibility

• Motion of joint to end points without muscle contraction

• Critical in INJURY PREVENTION

Goniometer

After 6 seconds GTO relays signal for muscle tension
to decrease
• Cause reflex relaxation
• Prevents injury - protective mechanism

Autogenic Inhibition

• Relaxation of antagonist (especially following
  contractions)

• Serves as a protective mechanism— muscle is
  able to stretch through relaxation without exceeding extensibility limits

Reciprocal Inhibition

• Contraction elicits additional relaxation of antagonist (protect against injury)

True or false:

Elastin is about 1000x more elastic than collagen, even though both are made of fibroblasts ?

True

• Skin: ~90% collagen, 10% elastin
• Ligaments: ~5% elastin
• Tendons: ~2% elastin

Greater velocity =

Greater chance for exceeding tissue capacity

Uses for Ultrasound:

Uses include
 Diagnostic imaging (0.5 to 50 mW/cm2)[intensity]
 Therapeutic deep tissue healing (1 to 3 W/cm2)
 Tissue destruction (0.2 to 100 W/cm2)

Sinusoidal (sine) waveform has the following properties

• Wavelength

• Frequency

• Amplitude

• Velocity

Longitudinal Waves

Can travel through both liquid and solid mediums

Transverse Wave

Cannot pass through fluids and are found in the body only when ultrasound strikes bone

Most commercial therapeutic ultrasound units offer 1- and/or 3-MHz
outputs (a few models offer a 2-MHz option)
 Low-frequency (1-MHz) ultrasound has a beam that diverges more than
high-frequency (3-MHz) ultrasound
 The lower the output frequency, the deeper the penetration into the tissues
 One-HMz ultrasound penetrates approximately 5 cm; 3-MHz ultrasound has an effective
depth up to 2.5 to 3 cm
 High-frequency (3-MHz) ultrasound treats superficial tissues because the energy is
rapidly absorbed and heats three times faster than 1-MHz ultrasound

Power is measured in…

Watts (W)

Spatial Average Intensity (SAI)

Amount of energy passing through the sound head’s
effective radiating area (W/cm2)
 SAI = Total watts (W)/Effective radiating area (cm2) =
W/cm2

Tissue destruction is

(0.2 to 100 W/cm2)

List the 3 mechanical characteristics that contribute to force production in Polymetrics

• Contractile component

• Seires elastic component

• Paralle elastic component

List 5 resistance training techniques to improve muscle strength

• Polymetric exercise

• Functional strength training

• Weight bearing exercise

• circuit training

• Isokinetic training

• isometric exercise

What are 9 advantages to the use of Closed Kinetic Chain exercises

List 6 advantages to using CKC exercise during rehbilitation

Maturation phase of the healing process

• Can last for several years

• polymetric exercises prove to be beneficial

• Heat modalities improve mobility/pain releif

Somatosensory

Golgi tendon organ

PNF stretch

Polymetrics

Creep

Increasing collagen deformation under constant load