Mircobiology 211 Exam #1 -- Darby Carlson

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1. problem

2. hypothesis

3. procedure

4.analyze

5.conclusion

list and describe the rules of science:

1. science is guided by natural law (physical and chemical)

2. science has to be explained by reference to natural law

3. science is testable against empirical world

4. science conclusions are tentative

5. science is falsifiable

What is a Theory?

explanation or idea that can be tested by a hypothesis

What is a Law?

explanation of how some aspect of the world behaves

What is a fact?

explanation that has continuously been proven to be true

What is a hypothesis?

a statement that can be tested

What is microbiology?

The study of living microorganisms

What is taxonomy?

the science of naming and classifying organisms

What is Phylogeny?

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms

What are prokaryotic species?

a population of cells with similar characteristics

What is the main difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote?

a prokaryote has NO nucleus

an eukaryote has a nucleus

How did Aristotle classify organisms?

plants and animals

How did Linnaeus classify organisms?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

How were bacteria classified according to the 5 Kingdom System?

prokaryote, prosista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

What is a ribosome and its function?

site of protein synthesis, makes proteins

Why are ribosomes important in studying phylogeny?

ribosomes are all cells and the sequence of the cells are very similar so when making observations in the differences they are very noticeable

What are the rules of scientific nomenclature?

1. genesis name is capitalized (firs word in name, first letter is capitalized

2. second name of species is not capitalized

3. Genus and species are always underlined or italicized

What did Robert Hooke do?

used improved microscopes and observed cells in cork tissue

What is the cell theory?

All living things are composed of cells

Who is credited with the cell theory?

Robert Hooke

What did van Leeuwenhoek do>

viewed "animalcules" in rain water and material from his teeth

What is spontaneous generation?

the theory that life arises from dead tissue or non living matter (non-living things)

Explain Francesco Redi's experiment, and what it disproved.

3 jars sealed with decaying meat

- Results: no maggots

3 open jars with decaying meat

- Results: maggots appeared

Explain Spallanzani's experiment, and his problem with the experiment

nutrient broth placed in flask, sealed, then heated

- no microbial groth

Problem - sealed jars allowed not air to enter

what did Louis Pasteur do?

repeated Spallanzanis experiment with swan neck flask

in his setup air can continue but dust and carrots cannot

Fracastoro

Proposed germ theory

who discovered that microorganisms are the agent causing disease?

Fracastoro

Semmelweis

permitted hand washing in his clinics, in doing so the mortality rate drastically dropped

Lister

applied phenol (antiseptic) to surgical wonds to reduce infection

Koch

first to show that bacteria causes disease

Chinese healers

developed a powder from small pocks to treat people

jenner

developed small pox vaccine from cowpox

what is chemotherapy?

treatment of disease with chemicals that must be more toxic to the bacteria then the host

what are prokaryotic species?

a population of cells with similar characteristics

what is taxonomy

the science of classification

flemming

discovers penicillin

what were the first antibiotics

penicillin

Carl Woese

sequenced the 16s portion of the ribosomal RNA to show evolutionary relatedness

what is microbial scientific nomenclature?

a system of scientific names

antibiotics

chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi and works against other microorganisms

mycologyn

study of fungi

parasitology

study of Protozoa and parasitic worms

imminology

study of immune system and the role microbes play

virology

study of viruses

recombinant DNA technology

genetically engineered microbes to make human hormones and drugs

pathology

study of diseases

etiology

cause of disease

pathogenesis

manner of disease development

infection

invasion or colonization of body or are of body by pathogenetic microbes

disease

change from state of health, part of body cannot function normally

opportunistic pathogen

when a pathogen starts to cause problems they become opportunistic

synergism

2 ore more organisms working together to cause a disease

commensalism

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Mutualism

both organisms benefit

Parasitism

one organism living at the expense of another

symptom

change in bodies function; SUBJECTIVE

sign

change in bodies function; OBJECTIVE

do doctors use signs or symptoms to diagnose a disease

BOTH

what is a contagious disease

easily spread

what are the categories used to describe disease occurrence?

Incidence

Privalence

incidence

number that contract during a period of time

prevalence

fraction of the population that has disease at one time

sporadic

occasional outbreaks

endemic

consistently present

epidemic

many people over a short period of time

pandemic

epidemic just world wide

what are four categories used to define the severity and duration of a disease

acute

subacute

cronic

latent

local infection

contained to small area

systemic infection

spread throughout body or blood or lymph

focal infection

enter as local and spread through blood or lymph but are confined to specific are

septicemia

growing pathogens infection in the blood

bacteremia

bacteria in blood

toxemia

toxins in the blood

viremia

viruses in blood

primary infection

acute infection that causes initial illness

secondary infection

caused by opportunistic pathogen after primary infection has weekend host defense

subclinical infection

infection that does not cause any noticeable illness

patterns of disease

reservoir

transmission

invasion

multiplication

injury to host

incubation period

infection until first symptoms or signs apear

prodromal period

early mild symptoms and signs

period of illness

acute stage

period od decline

symptoms and signs subside

period of convalescent

body returns to original state

reservoirs

contains source of disease

transmission

how infection transfers or move

contact transmission

direct contact, indirect contact, droplet transmission

vehicle transmission

waterborne, food borne , airborne,

vectors

animals that carry pathogens

what is a healthcare associated infection

acquired an infection in a hospital, clinic, nursing home, ect...