Comprehensive Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Abdominopelvic Quadrants, Planes, Tissues, Integumentary System, Bones, Joints

Vocabulary flashcards covering abdominopelvic regions and planes, body tissues, integumentary structures, and the skeletal system (bones, joints, and movements).

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Four regions (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ) formed by a vertical and a horizontal line through the umbilicus.

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Organs: liver (right lobe), gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestines.

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Organs: stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, pancreas, left kidney, portions of small and large intestines.

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Organs: Cecum, appendix, small intestine, right ovary/fallopian tube, right ureter.

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Organs: Most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ovary/fallopian tube, left ureter.

Nine abdominopelvic regions

Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac, Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar, Right iliac, Hypogastric, Left iliac.

Epigastric region

Organs: stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, adrenal glands.

Hypogastric region

Organs: bladder, uterus, small intestine, sigmoid colon.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right portions.

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

Anatomical position

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet together.

Superior

Toward the head or upper part of a structure.

Inferior

Toward the feet or lower part of a structure.

Anterior

Front aspect of the body.

Posterior

Back aspect of the body.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands; functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation.

Epithelial tissue characteristics

Tightly packed cells, polarity, avascular, high regenerative capacity.

Connective tissue

Tissue that supports, protects, stores energy, and transports substances.

Connective tissue characteristics

Cells in extracellular matrix; usually vascular; supports and connects body parts.

Muscle tissue

Tissue responsible for movement, posture, and heat generation.

Muscle tissue types

Skeletal (voluntary), Cardiac (involuntary), Smooth (involuntary).

Nervous tissue

Tissue that detects stimuli, processes information, and transmits signals.

Epidermis

Outer skin layer composed of several sublayers.

Dermis

Middle skin layer containing connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and glands.

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous layer of areolar and adipose connective tissue.

Stratum basale

Deepest epidermal layer; site of new keratinocyte formation.

Stratum spinosum

Layer above basale; provides strength and flexibility.

Stratum granulosum

Layer where keratinization begins.

Stratum lucidum

Clear layer present only in thick skin.

Stratum corneum

Most superficial epidermal layer composed of dead keratinocytes.

Papillary layer

Superficial dermal layer with dermal papillae; nourishes epidermis.

Reticular layer

Deep dermal layer with dense irregular connective tissue.

Hypodermis composition

Areolar and adipose connective tissue.

Thick skin

Has all five epidermal layers and no hair.

Thin skin

Lacks stratum lucidum and usually has hair.

Factors affecting skin color

Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin, UV exposure, and genetics.

Nails

Protect distal phalanges and aid in grasping.

Hair types

Vellus (fine) and Terminal (thick and pigmented).

Hair functions

Protection, sensation, and thermoregulation.

Types of skin glands

Sebaceous, Sweat (eccrine and apocrine), Ceruminous, Mammary.

Osteocytes

Maintain bone matrix.

Osteoblasts

Build new bone.

Osteoclasts

Resorb (break down) bone.

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

Lamellae

Concentric layers of bone matrix in osteons.

Osteon

Structural unit of compact bone.

Lacunae

Small cavities containing osteocytes.

Canaliculi

Tiny channels connecting lacunae for nutrient/waste exchange.

Central (Haversian) canal

Contains blood vessels and nerves within an osteon.

Perforating (Volkmann) canals

Connects adjacent osteons and the periosteum.

Hemopoiesis

Formation of blood cells in red bone marrow.

Calcification

Calcium deposition in tissues.

Ossification

Bone formation.

Intramembranous ossification

Bone develops from mesenchyme; forms flat bones.

Endochondral ossification

Bone replaces cartilage; forms most bones (especially long bones).

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption.

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption.

Growth hormone (GH)

Stimulates bone growth and overall development.

Sex hormones

Estrogen/Testosterone promote bone growth and epiphyseal plate closure.

Thyroid hormone

Regulates growth and metabolism; influences bone remodeling.

Deposition

Osteoblast-driven addition of bone.

Resorption

Osteoclast-driven removal of bone.,

Axial skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular skeleton

Limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).

Fibrous joints

Structural joints connected by fibrous tissue; usually immovable.

Cartilaginous joints

Joints connected by cartilage; vary from immovable to slightly movable.

Synovial joints

Diarthrotic joints with a joint cavity, synovial fluid, and a surrounding capsule.

Synarthrosis

Immovable joint.

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable joint.

Diarthrosis

Freely movable joint.

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a synovial joint.

Joint cavity

Space within a synovial joint containing lubricating synovial fluid.

Joint capsule

Fibrous capsule surrounding a synovial joint.

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone and stabilize joints.

Bursae/tendon sheaths

Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction around joints.

Synovial joint types

Hinge, Pivot, Ball-and-socket, Saddle, Condyloid, Plane.

Hinge joint

Permits flexion/extension in one plane.

Pivot joint

Rotational movement around a single axis.

Ball-and-socket joint

Multiaxial freedom of movement (e.g., shoulder, hip).

Saddle joint

Biaxial movement with concave/convex surfaces.

Condyloid (ellipsoid) joint

Biaxial joint allowing flexion/extension and abduction/adduction.

Plane joint

Nonaxial gliding movements between flat surfaces.

Uniaxial

Movement in one axis.

Biaxial

Movement in two axes.

Multiaxial

Movement in multiple axes.

Flexion

Bending a joint to decrease its angle.

Extension

Straightening a joint to increase its angle.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline.

Rotation

Pivoting motion around a fixed axis.

Circumduction

Conical movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Supination

Rotating the forearm so the palm faces up.

Pronation

Rotating the forearm so the palm faces down.

Mobility vs stability relationship

More mobility generally means less stability; more stability means less mobility.