Teas English practice tests

(comma practice)

For the Thanksgiving reunion, relatives were sitting in the dining room, on the porch, and in the carport.

A. Thanksgiving, reunion

B. Were, sitting

C. Porch and

D. No error

D. No error

Lydia seems to be a kind, considerate girl.

A. Seems, to

B. Considerate, girl

C. Kind considerate

D. No error

D. No error

This fishing pole Nathan, has seen better days.

A. Pole, Nathan,

B. Has, seen

C. Nathan,

D. No error

A. Pole, Nathan,

My cousin has moved to 56 Central Street Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882

A. Has moved,

B. Central Street,

C. 56, Central

D. No error

B. Central Street,

The badger, a shy animal sometimes makes friends with a coyote.

A. Sometimes, makes

B. Friends, with

C. A shy animal,

D. No error

C. A shy animal,

After the death of Blackbeard, the famous pirate, piracy disappeared from the coast of the American colonies.

A. The famous pirate

B. After the death,

C. Coast, of

D. No error

D. No error

"Silent Night" was written by two men from the village of Oberndorf Austria.

A. men, from

B. Silent Night,

C. Oberndorf, Austria

D. No error

C. Oberndorf, Austria

On November 19, 1929 Admiral Richard E. Byrd flew the Floyd Bennett to the base of the Queen Maud Mountains.

A. Base, of

B. The, Queen

C. 1929,

D. no error

C. 1929,

Oh I forgot to bring the cookies.

A. Oh,

B. I, forgot

C. To, bring

D. No error

A. Oh,

"The boy in the kayak," whispered Sue "is the new football captain."

A. Boy, in the

B. New, football

C. Whispered Sue,

D. No error

C. Whispered Sue,

Everyone in the bank-including the manager and the tellers, ran to the door when the fire alarm rang.

A. tellers, ran

B. tellers:ran

C. tellers, had run

D. tellers-ran

E. tellers' ran"

D. tellers-ran

To no ones surprise, Joe didn't have his homework ready.

A. no ones surprise

B. noones surprise

C. no-ones surprise

D. no ones' surprise

E. no one's surprise

E. no one's surprise

If he would have read "The White Birds," he might have liked William Butler Yeats's poetry.

A. would have read

B. could have read

C. would of read

D. could of read

E. had read

E. had read

After the hurricane, uprooted trees were laying all over the ground.

A. were laying

B. lying

C. were lying

D. were laid

E. was laid

C. were lying

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), the great Transcendentalist philosopher, wrote in his essay "Self-Reliance" of the need for an individual to develop his capacities.

A. essay "Self-Reliance"

B. essay, "Self-Reliance"

C. essay: Self-Reliance

D. essay, Self-Reliance

E. essay; "Self-Reliance"

A. essay "Self-Reliance"

The recently built children's amusement park has been called " a boon to the community " by its supporters and "an eyesore" by its harshest critics.

A. and "an eyesore" by its harshest

B. and, " an eyesore," by its harshest

C. and, an eyesore; by its harshest

D. and-an eyesore- by its' harshest

E. and-"an eyesore"- by its' harshest

A. and "an eyesore" by its harshest

I always have trouble remembering the meaning of these two common verbs, affect (to change" or "to influence") and effect ("to cause" or " to accomplish ) . "

A. " to accomplish ). "

B. " to accomplish" ).

C. "to accomplish).

D. To accomplish.

E. ( " to accomplish. " )

B. " to accomplish" ).

My class just finished reading- " The Fall of the House of Usher ", a short story by Edgar Allen Poe.

A. reading- " The Fall of the House of Usher",

B. reading, The Fall of the House of Usher,

C. reading "The Fall of the House of Usher, "

D. reading, The Fall of the house of Usher, "

E. reading: The Fall of the House of Usher-

C. reading "The Fall of the House of Usher, "

After it was repaired it ran perfect again.

A. ran perfect

B. ran perfectly

C. could run perfect

D. could of run perfect

E. would run perfectly

B. ran perfectly

"Are there two e's in beetle," asked Margo?

A. there two e's in beetle," asked Margo?

B. their two e's in beetle?" asked Margo.

C. there two e's in beetle," asked Margo?

D. there two e's in beetle?" asked Margo.

E. there two e's in beetle, asked Margo?

D. there two e's in beetle?" asked Margo.

The circus audience received a well-deserved round of applause for the perfectly timed acrobatic stunt.

A. audience received a well-deserved

B. audience gave a well deserved

C. audience did receive a well deserved

D. audience gave a well-deserved

E. audience did get a well-deserved

D. audience gave a well-deserved

Looking directly at me, my Mother said, " These are your options: the choice is yours."

A. Mother said, " These are your options: the choice is

B. Mother said- these are your options, the choice is

C. Mother had said, These are your options; the choice is

D. Mother had said, "These are your options; the choice is

E. Mother said, "These are your options; the choice is

E. Mother said, "These are your options; the choice is

Porcupine is from Latin porcus, "pig," and spina, "spine."

A. porcus, "pig," and spina, "spine."

B. Porcus-pig and spina, "spine."

C. Porcus-pig, and Spina, "spine."

D. Porcus-Pig-,Spina-spine.

E. Porcus, "pig," and spina "spine".

A. porcus, "pig," and spina, "spine."

Seeing the dolphins, some sharks, a killer whale, and a Moray eel made the visit to the marine park worthwhile.

A. a killer whale, and a Moray eel made the visit

B. a killer whale, and a moray eel made the visit

C. a killer whale and a moray eel makes the visit

D. a killer whale and a Moray eel makes the visit

E. a killer whale and a moray eel made the visit

B. a killer whale, and a moray eel made the visit

Still, the fact that a planet exists outside our solar system encourages hope that other solar systems exist, and in them, perhaps, a planet that does support life.

A. that a planet exists outside our solar system encourages hope that other solar systems exist, and

B. that a Planet exists out side our solar system encourages hope that other solar systems exist and

C. could be that a planet exists outside our solar system encourages hope that other solar systems exist, and

D. that a planet exist outside our solar systems encourage hope that other solar systems exist, and

E. that a planet does exists out side our solar system encourages hope that other solar systems exist, and

A. that a planet exists outside our solar system encourages hope that other solar systems exist, and

Mail-order shopping can be convenient and timesaving with appropriate precautions, it is safe as well.

A. can be convenient and timesaving

B. can be convenient and timesaving;

C. should be convenient and time saving;

D. could be convenient and time saving;

E. can be convenient and time-saving;

E. can be convenient and time-saving;

Among the many fields of science, no matter what turns you on, there are several fields of study.

A. science, no matter what turns you on,

B. Science, no matter what turns you on,

C. Science, no matter which you chose,

D. Science, no matter which of these you chose-

E. science, no matter which you choose,

E. science, no matter which you choose,

The fact that boxing is known to cause head injuries and brain damage should lead us to inform the public and push for a ban on boxing.

A. should lead us to inform

B. could lead us to inform

C. should of led us to inform

D. will lead us to inform

E. should have led us to inform,

A. should lead us to inform

The first part of the test was on chemistry, the second on mathematics, and the third on english.

A. on mathematics, and the third on english.

B. on mathematics; and the third on English.

C. on Mathematics; and the third on English.

D. on mathematics, and the third on English.

E. on mathematics: and the third on English

D. on mathematics, and the third on English.

The Diary of Anne Frank showed a young girl's courage during two years of hiding.

A. showed a young girl's courage

B. shows a young girl's courage

C. did show a young girls courage

D. has shown a young girl's courage

E. showed a young girl's courage

B. shows a young girl's courage

. In August my parents will be married for twenty-five years.

A. will be married for twenty-five years.

B. shall have been married for twenty-five years.

C. will have been married for twenty-five years.

D. will be married for twenty five years.

E. will have married for twenty-five years.

C. will have been married for twenty-five years

he word boycott derives from the name of Charles C. Boycott, an English land agent in Ireland that was ostracized for refusing to reduce rent.

A. that was ostracized for refusing

B. who was ostracized for refusing

C. which was ostracized for refusing

D. that had been ostracized for refusing

E. who had been ostracized for refusing

B. who was ostracized for refusing

As a result of his method for early music education, Shinichi Suzuki has been known as one of the world's great violin teachers.

A. has been known as one

B. had been known as one

C. is seen as one

D. is being seen as one

E. has been one

C. is seen as one

Last night the weather forecaster announced that this is the most rainy season the area has had in the past decade.

A. this is the most rainy season the

B. this has been the most rainy season the

C. this was the most rainy season the

D. this is noted as the most rainy season the

E. this is the rainiest season the

E. this is the rainiest season the

Although Mandy is younger than her sister, Mandy is the tallest of the two.

A. is the tallest of the

B. is the taller of the

C. has been the taller of the

D. is the most tall of the

E. is the more taller of the

B. is the taller of the

When Katherine Hepburn's play came to town, all the tickets had sold out far in advance.

A. had sold out far

B. have sold out far

C. were sold out far

D. had been sold out far

E. had been sold out for

D. had been sold out far

The origins of most sports is unknown.

A. sports is unknown

B. sports have been unknown

C. sports are unknown

D. sports has been unknown

E. sports are now unknown

C. sports are unknown

Neither of the Smith brothers expect to be drafted by a major league team this year.

A. expect to be drafted

B. expects to be drafted

C. has expected to be drafted

D. is expecting to be drafted

E. was expecting to be drafted

B. expects to be drafted

Has any of the witnesses been sworn in yet?

A. Has any of the

B. Is any of the

C. Will any of the

D. Are any of the

E. Have any of the

E. Have any of the

The Lusitania sunk on May 7, 1915.

A. sunk

B. did sink

C. was sunk

D. did sank

E. sank

The Lusitania sunk on May 7, 1915.

A. sunk

B. did sink

C. was sunk

D. did sank

E. sank

Whos in the office now?

A. Whos in

B. Whose in

C. Who is in

D. Who's in

E. Whose' in

D. Who's in

There are now many kinds of dictionaries, such as a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms, a biographical dictionary, and a geographical dictionary with pronunciations given.

A. with pronunciations given

B. that has pronunciations given

C. with pronunciations' given

D. that have pronunciations given

E. that do have pronunciations given

A. with pronunciations given

Towering seven hundred feet above the valley floor, Mount Rushmore National Memorial was an impressive site.

A. was an impressive site

B. is a impressive sight

C. is an impressive sight

D. was an impressive sight

E. is an impressive site

C. is an impressive sight

San Francisco lays southwest of Sacramento.

A. lays southwest

B. has laid southwest

C. is lying southwest

D. lain southwest

E. lies southwest

E. lies southwest

Did they know that Labor Day always came on the first Monday in September?

A. came on

B. comes on

C. has come on

D. had come on

E. has came on

B. comes on

Eating, drinking, and to stay up late at night were among her pleasures.

A. to stay up late

B. to remain up late

C. staying up late

D. she liked staying up late

E. trying to stay up late

C. staying up late

Each night when night came and the temperature fell, my parents lit the fire in the bedroom.

A. and the temperature fell,

B. and that the temperature did fall

C. and that the temperature fell

D. and because the temperature fell

E. and when the temperature fell

E. and when the temperature fell

Francis promised to bring the Papago basket that she bought in Arizona.

A. bought in

B. had bought in

C. has bought in

D. did buy in

E. purchased in

B. had bought in

He has lain his racquetball glove on the beach.

A. has lain

B. has laid

C. have lain

D. have laid

E. is lying

B. has laid

I would have lent you my notes if you would have asked me.

A. would have asked me

B. could of asked

C. could ask

D. had asked

E. had of asked

D. had asked

Many scientists are still hoping to have found life on another planet.

A. to have found

B. to find

C. two find

D. to have been found

E. too have found

B. to find

Because she had an astounding memory, Sue has never forgotten an important equation.

A. had an

B. could have had

C. has

D. did have

E. has had

C. has

David was known for belching; and telling inappropriate jokes in public.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

B. Punctuation

Graduation from High School is considered by many a momentous occasion.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

A. Capitalization

Nurses plays a vital role in the healthcare profession.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

D. Grammar

After having his tonsels removed, the child was listless for a few days.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

C. Spelling

The park was serine at twilight.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

C. Spelling

Was the patient's mind lucid during the evaluation.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

B. Punctuation

The bachalor never married. Most people thought it was because of misogyny.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

C. Spelling

The intricacy of the mathematical equation, drove the student crazy trying to solve it.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

B. Punctuation

The hybrid tomatoes is immune to most common diseases.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

D. Grammar

The professor was humiliated when his students reported him to the Dean for verbal abuse.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

A. Capitalization

The con artist hoodwinked the old lady when he sold her fradulent insurance.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

C. Spelling

The movie star was accused of a misdemeanor, when she stole 15 dollars worth of merchandise from the store.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

B. Punctuation

The congregation sang a comtemporary hymn.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

C. Spelling

The wound were necrotic when examined.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

D. Grammar

The defendint exhibited a peevish appearance.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

C. Spelling

The band director was scheduled to play the piccolo on tuesday.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

A. Capitalization

The renter was remiss; about the rent.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

B. Punctuation

The old man was know for sapient knowledge.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

D. Grammar

The inventor create several specious ideas to solve the problem.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

D. Grammar

The teacher identified the troublemakers, in her classroom.

A. Capitalization

B. Punctuation

C. Spelling

D. Grammar

B. Punctuation

(Please select the answer choice that identifies the noun in the sentence.)

1. It will take all of your energy and will to be able to walk again.

A. Take

B. All

C. Yours

D. Energy

D. Energy

The works of many great poets have been placed on reserve.

A. Many

B. Great

C. Placed

D. Reserve

D. Reserve

The Brooklyn Bridge was opened in 1883.

A. Bridge

B. Was

C. Opened

D. In

A. Bridge

Sparta and Athens were enemies during the Peloponnesian War.

A. And

B. Were

C. During

D. War

D. War

Sharks and lampreys are not true fish because their skeletons are made of cartilage rather than bone.

A. True

B. Because

C. There

D. Bone

D. Bone

Joe, have you met your new boss?

A. Have

B. Met

C. Your

D. Boss

D. Boss

Sue's parents tried living in the North, but they could not adapt to the cold.

A. North

B. But

C. Not

D. Adapt

A. North

Mastering basic mathematics is an important goal for younger students.

A. Mastering

B. Important

C. Younger

D. Students

D. Students

(Reading Comprehension Practice Questions)

1. Questions 1-7.

In the sixteenth century, an age of great marine and terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the king of Portugal, but he became involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and lost the king's favor. After he was dismissed from service to the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor Charles V of Spain.

A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New World west of 50 degrees W longitude to Spain and all the land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove that the East Indies fell under Spanish authority. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships. More than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the topography of South America in search of a water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the remaining four ships searched along the southern peninsula of South America. Finally they found the passage they sought near a latitude of 50 degrees S. Magellan named this passage the Strait of All Saints, but today we know it as the Strait of Magellan.

One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged to gaze at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained crossed the meridian we now call the International Date Line in the early spring of 1521 after ninety-eight days on the Pacific Ocean. During those long days at sea, many of Magellan's men died of starvation and disease.

Later Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in the Philippines and was killed in a tribal battle. Only one ship and seventeen sailors under the command of the Basque navigator Elcano survived to complete the westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and for all that the world is round, with no precipice at the edge.

1.The sixteenth century was an age of great ___exploration.

A. cosmic

B. land

C. mental

D. common man

E. none of the above

B. land

In the sixteenth century, an age of great marine and terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the king of Portugal, but he became involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and lost the king's favor. After he was dismissed from service to the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor Charles V of Spain.

A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New World west of 50 degrees W longitude to Spain and all the land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove that the East Indies fell under Spanish authority. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships. More than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the topography of South America in search of a water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the remaining four ships searched along the southern peninsula of South America. Finally they found the passage they sought near a latitude of 50 degrees S. Magellan named this passage the Strait of All Saints, but today we know it as the Strait of Magellan.

One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged to gaze at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained crossed the meridian we now call the International Date Line in the early spring of 1521 after ninety-eight days on the Pacific Ocean. During those long days at sea, many of Magellan's men died of starvation and disease.

Later Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in the Philippines and was killed in a tribal battle. Only one ship and seventeen sailors under the command of the Basque navigator Elcano survived to complete the westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and for all that the world is round, with no precipice at the edge.

2. Magellan lost the favor of the king of Portugal when he became involved in a political ___.

A. entanglement

B. discussion

C. negotiation

D. problems

E. none of the above

A. entanglement

In the sixteenth century, an age of great marine and terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the king of Portugal, but he became involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and lost the king's favor. After he was dismissed from service to the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor Charles V of Spain.

A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New World west of 50 degrees W longitude to Spain and all the land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove that the East Indies fell under Spanish authority. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships. More than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the topography of South America in search of a water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the remaining four ships searched along the southern peninsula of South America. Finally they found the passage they sought near a latitude of 50 degrees S. Magellan named this passage the Strait of All Saints, but today we know it as the Strait of Magellan.

One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged to gaze at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained crossed the meridian we now call the International Date Line in the early spring of 1521 after ninety-eight days on the Pacific Ocean. During those long days at sea, many of Magellan's men died of starvation and disease.

Later Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in the Philippines and was killed in a tribal battle. Only one ship and seventeen sailors under the command of the Basque navigator Elcano survived to complete the westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and for all that the world is round, with no precipice at the edge.

3. The Pope divided New World lands between Spain and Portugal according to their location on one side or the other of an imaginary geographical line 50 degrees west of Greenwich that extends in a ___ direction.

A. north and south

B. crosswise

C. easterly

D. south east

E. north and west

A. north and south

In the sixteenth century, an age of great marine and terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the king of Portugal, but he became involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and lost the king's favor. After he was dismissed from service to the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor Charles V of Spain.

A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New World west of 50 degrees W longitude to Spain and all the land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove that the East Indies fell under Spanish authority. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships. More than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the topography of South America in search of a water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the remaining four ships searched along the southern peninsula of South America. Finally they found the passage they sought near a latitude of 50 degrees S. Magellan named this passage the Strait of All Saints, but today we know it as the Strait of Magellan.

One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged to gaze at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained crossed the meridian we now call the International Date Line in the early spring of 1521 after ninety-eight days on the Pacific Ocean. During those long days at sea, many of Magellan's men died of starvation and disease.

Later Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in the Philippines and was killed in a tribal battle. Only one ship and seventeen sailors under the command of the Basque navigator Elcano survived to complete the westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and for all that the world is round, with no precipice at the edge.

4.One of Magellan's ships explored the ___ of South America for a passage across the continent.

A. coastline

B. mountain range

C. physical features

D. islands

E. none of the above

C. physical features

In the sixteenth century, an age of great marine and terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the king of Portugal, but he became involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and lost the king's favor. After he was dismissed from service to the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor Charles V of Spain.

A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New World west of 50 degrees W longitude to Spain and all the land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove that the East Indies fell under Spanish authority. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships. More than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the topography of South America in search of a water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the remaining four ships searched along the southern peninsula of South America. Finally they found the passage they sought near a latitude of 50 degrees S. Magellan named this passage the Strait of All Saints, but today we know it as the Strait of Magellan.

One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged to gaze at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained crossed the meridian we now call the International Date Line in the early spring of 1521 after ninety-eight days on the Pacific Ocean. During those long days at sea, many of Magellan's men died of starvation and disease.

Later Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in the Philippines and was killed in a tribal battle. Only one ship and seventeen sailors under the command of the Basque navigator Elcano survived to complete the westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and for all that the world is round, with no precipice at the edge.

5.Four of the ships sought a passage along a southern ___.

A. coast

B. inland

C. body of land with water on three sides

D. border

E. answer not available

C. body of land with water on three sides

In the sixteenth century, an age of great marine and terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the king of Portugal, but he became involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and lost the king's favor. After he was dismissed from service to the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor Charles V of Spain.

A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New World west of 50 degrees W longitude to Spain and all the land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove that the East Indies fell under Spanish authority. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships. More than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the topography of South America in search of a water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the remaining four ships searched along the southern peninsula of South America. Finally they found the passage they sought near a latitude of 50 degrees S. Magellan named this passage the Strait of All Saints, but today we know it as the Strait of Magellan.

One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged to gaze at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained crossed the meridian we now call the International Date Line in the early spring of 1521 after ninety-eight days on the Pacific Ocean. During those long days at sea, many of Magellan's men died of starvation and disease.

Later Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in the Philippines and was killed in a tribal battle. Only one ship and seventeen sailors under the command of the Basque navigator Elcano survived to complete the westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and for all that the world is round, with no precipice at the edge.

6. The passage was found near 50 degrees S of ___.

A. Greenwich

B. The equator

C. Spain

D. Portugal

E. Madrid

B. The equator

In the sixteenth century, an age of great marine and terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the king of Portugal, but he became involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and lost the king's favor. After he was dismissed from service to the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor Charles V of Spain.

A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New World west of 50 degrees W longitude to Spain and all the land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove that the East Indies fell under Spanish authority. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships. More than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the topography of South America in search of a water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the remaining four ships searched along the southern peninsula of South America. Finally they found the passage they sought near a latitude of 50 degrees S. Magellan named this passage the Strait of All Saints, but today we know it as the Strait of Magellan.

One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged to gaze at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained crossed the meridian we now call the International Date Line in the early spring of 1521 after ninety-eight days on the Pacific Ocean. During those long days at sea, many of Magellan's men died of starvation and disease.

Later Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in the Philippines and was killed in a tribal battle. Only one ship and seventeen sailors under the command of the Basque navigator Elcano survived to complete the westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and for all that the world is round, with no precipice at the edge.

7. In the spring of 1521, the ships crossed the ___ now called the International Date Line.

A. imaginary circle passing through the poles

B. Imaginary line parallel to the equator

C. area

D. land mass

E. answer not found in article

A. imaginary circle passing through the poles

Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied uranium and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's amicable collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of the atom.

Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of physics. At the early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her great exuberance for learning prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She became disgruntled, however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to women. Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned her master's degree and doctorate in physics.

Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest scientists of her day, one of whom was Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and spent many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906. Marie was stunned by this horrible misfortune and endured heartbreaking anguish. Despondently she recalled their close relationship and the joy that they had shared in scientific research. The fact that she had two young daughters to raise by herself greatly increased her distress.

Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was asked to succeed her husband as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given a professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness from her long exposure to radium, she never became disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical world.

8.The Curies' ____ collaboration helped to unlock the secrets of the atom.

A. friendly

B. competitive

C. courteous

D. industrious

E. chemistry

A. friendly

Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied uranium and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's amicable collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of the atom.

Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of physics. At the early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her great exuberance for learning prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She became disgruntled, however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to women. Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned her master's degree and doctorate in physics.

Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest scientists of her day, one of whom was Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and spent many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906. Marie was stunned by this horrible misfortune and endured heartbreaking anguish. Despondently she recalled their close relationship and the joy that they had shared in scientific research. The fact that she had two young daughters to raise by herself greatly increased her distress.

Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was asked to succeed her husband as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given a professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness from her long exposure to radium, she never became disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical world.

9. Marie had a bright mind and a __personality.

A. strong

B. lighthearted

C. humorous

D. strange

E. envious

B. lighthearted

Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied uranium and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's amicable collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of the atom.

Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of physics. At the early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her great exuberance for learning prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She became disgruntled, however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to women. Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned her master's degree and doctorate in physics.

Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest scientists of her day, one of whom was Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and spent many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906. Marie was stunned by this horrible misfortune and endured heartbreaking anguish. Despondently she recalled their close relationship and the joy that they had shared in scientific research. The fact that she had two young daughters to raise by herself greatly increased her distress.

Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was asked to succeed her husband as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given a professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness from her long exposure to radium, she never became disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical world.

10. When she learned that she could not attend the university in Warsaw, she felt___.

A. hopeless

B. annoyed

C. depressed

D. worried

E. none of the above

B. annoyed

Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied uranium and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's amicable collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of the atom.

Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of physics. At the early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her great exuberance for learning prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She became disgruntled, however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to women. Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned her master's degree and doctorate in physics.

Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest scientists of her day, one of whom was Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and spent many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906. Marie was stunned by this horrible misfortune and endured heartbreaking anguish. Despondently she recalled their close relationship and the joy that they had shared in scientific research. The fact that she had two young daughters to raise by herself greatly increased her distress.

Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was asked to succeed her husband as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given a professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness from her long exposure to radium, she never became disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical world.

11. Marie ___ by leaving Poland and traveling to France to enter the Sorbonne.

A. challenged authority

B. showed intelligence

C. behaved

D. was distressed

E. answer not available in article

A. challenged authority

Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied uranium and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's amicable collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of the atom.

Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of physics. At the early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her great exuberance for learning prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She became disgruntled, however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to women. Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned her master's degree and doctorate in physics.

Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest scientists of her day, one of whom was Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and spent many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906. Marie was stunned by this horrible misfortune and endured heartbreaking anguish. Despondently she recalled their close relationship and the joy that they had shared in scientific research. The fact that she had two young daughters to raise by herself greatly increased her distress.

Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was asked to succeed her husband as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given a professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness from her long exposure to radium, she never became disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical world.

12. _____she remembered their joy together.

A. Dejectedly

B. Worried

C. Tearfully

D. Happily

E. Sorrowfully

A. Dejectedly

Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied uranium and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's amicable collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of the atom.

Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of physics. At the early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her great exuberance for learning prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She became disgruntled, however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to women. Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned her master's degree and doctorate in physics.

Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest scientists of her day, one of whom was Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and spent many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906. Marie was stunned by this horrible misfortune and endured heartbreaking anguish. Despondently she recalled their close relationship and the joy that they had shared in scientific research. The fact that she had two young daughters to raise by herself greatly increased her distress.

Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was asked to succeed her husband as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given a professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness from her long exposure to radium, she never became disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical world.

13. Her ____ began to fade when she returned to the Sorbonne to succeed her husband.

A. misfortune

B. anger

C. wretchedness

D. disappointment

E. ambition

C. wretchedness

Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied uranium and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's amicable collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of the atom.

Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of physics. At the early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her great exuberance for learning prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She became disgruntled, however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to women. Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned her master's degree and doctorate in physics.

Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest scientists of her day, one of whom was Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and spent many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906. Marie was stunned by this horrible misfortune and endured heartbreaking anguish. Despondently she recalled their close relationship and the joy that they had shared in scientific research. The fact that she had two young daughters to raise by herself greatly increased her distress.

Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was asked to succeed her husband as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given a professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness from her long exposure to radium, she never became disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical world.

14. Even though she became fatally ill from working with radium, Marie Curie was never ____.

A. troubled

B. worried

C. disappointed

D. sorrowful

E. disturbed

C. disappointed

Mount Vesuvius, a volcano located between the ancient Italian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, has received much attention because of its frequent and destructive eruptions. The most famous of these eruptions occurred in A. D. 79.

The volcano had been inactive for centuries. There was little warning of the coming eruption, although one account unearthed by archaeologists says that a hard rain and a strong wind had disturbed the celestial calm during the preceding night. Early the next morning, the volcano poured a huge river of molten rock down upon Herculaneum, completely burying the city and filling in the harbor with coagulated lava.

Meanwhile, on the other side of the mountain, cinders, stone and ash rained down on Pompeii. Sparks from the burning ash ignited the combustible rooftops quickly. Large portions of the city were destroyed in the conflagration. Fire, however, was not the only cause of destruction. Poisonous sulphuric gases saturated the air. These heavy gases were not buoyant in the atmosphere and therefore sank toward the earth and suffocated people.

Over the years, excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum have revealed a great deal about the behavior of the volcano. By analyzing data, much as a zoologist dissects a specimen animal, scientist have concluded that the eruption changed large portions of the area's geography. For instance, it turned the Sarno River from its course and raised the level of the beach along the Bay of Naples. Meteorologists studying these events have also concluded that Vesuvius caused a huge tidal wave that affected the world's climate.

In addition to making these investigations, archaeologists have been able to study the skeletons of victims by using distilled water to wash away the volcanic ash. By strengthening the brittle bones with acrylic paint, scientists have been able to examine the skeletons and draw conclusions about the diet and habits of the residents. Finally, the excavations at both Pompeii and Herculaneum have yielded many examples of classical art, such as jewelry made of bronze, which is an alloy of copper and tin.

The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its tragic consequences have provided us with a wealth of data about the effects that volcanoes can have on the surrounding area. Today volcanologists can locate and predict eruptions, saving lives and preventing the destruction of cities and cultures.

15.Herculaneum and its harbor were buried under ___lava.

A. liquid

B. solid

C. flowing

D. gas

E. answer not available

B. solid

Mount Vesuvius, a volcano located between the ancient Italian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, has received much attention because of its frequent and destructive eruptions. The most famous of these eruptions occurred in A. D. 79.

The volcano had been inactive for centuries. There was little warning of the coming eruption, although one account unearthed by archaeologists says that a hard rain and a strong wind had disturbed the celestial calm during the preceding night. Early the next morning, the volcano poured a huge river of molten rock down upon Herculaneum, completely burying the city and filling in the harbor with coagulated lava.

Meanwhile, on the other side of the mountain, cinders, stone and ash rained down on Pompeii. Sparks from the burning ash ignited the combustible rooftops quickly. Large portions of the city were destroyed in the conflagration. Fire, however, was not the only cause of destruction. Poisonous sulphuric gases saturated the air. These heavy gases were not buoyant in the atmosphere and therefore sank toward the earth and suffocated people.

Over the years, excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum have revealed a great deal about the behavior of the volcano. By analyzing data, much as a zoologist dissects a specimen animal, scientist have concluded that the eruption changed large portions of the area's geography. For instance, it turned the Sarno River from its course and raised the level of the beach along the Bay of Naples. Meteorologists studying these events have also concluded that Vesuvius caused a huge tidal wave that affected the world's climate.

In addition to making these investigations, archaeologists have been able to study the skeletons of victims by using distilled water to wash away the volcanic ash. By strengthening the brittle bones with acrylic paint, scientists have been able to examine the skeletons and draw conclusions about the diet and habits of the residents. Finally, the excavations at both Pompeii and Herculaneum have yielded many examples of classical art, such as jewelry made of bronze, which is an alloy of copper and tin.

The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its tragic consequences have provided us with a wealth of data about the effects that volcanoes can have on the surrounding area. Today volcanologists can locate and predict eruptions, saving lives and preventing the destruction of cities and cultures.

16. The poisonous gases were not ___ in the air.

A. able to float

B. visible

C. able to evaporate

D. invisible

E. able to condense

A. able to float

Mount Vesuvius, a volcano located between the ancient Italian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, has received much attention because of its frequent and destructive eruptions. The most famous of these eruptions occurred in A. D. 79.

The volcano had been inactive for centuries. There was little warning of the coming eruption, although one account unearthed by archaeologists says that a hard rain and a strong wind had disturbed the celestial calm during the preceding night. Early the next morning, the volcano poured a huge river of molten rock down upon Herculaneum, completely burying the city and filling in the harbor with coagulated lava.

Meanwhile, on the other side of the mountain, cinders, stone and ash rained down on Pompeii. Sparks from the burning ash ignited the combustible rooftops quickly. Large portions of the city were destroyed in the conflagration. Fire, however, was not the only cause of destruction. Poisonous sulphuric gases saturated the air. These heavy gases were not buoyant in the atmosphere and therefore sank toward the earth and suffocated people.

Over the years, excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum have revealed a great deal about the behavior of the volcano. By analyzing data, much as a zoologist dissects a specimen animal, scientist have concluded that the eruption changed large portions of the area's geography. For instance, it turned the Sarno River from its course and raised the level of the beach along the Bay of Naples. Meteorologists studying these events have also concluded that Vesuvius caused a huge tidal wave that affected the world's climate.

In addition to making these investigations, archaeologists have been able to study the skeletons of victims by using distilled water to wash away the volcanic ash. By strengthening the brittle bones with acrylic paint, scientists have been able to examine the skeletons and draw conclusions about the diet and habits of the residents. Finally, the excavations at both Pompeii and Herculaneum have yielded many examples of classical art, such as jewelry made of bronze, which is an alloy of copper and tin.

The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its tragic consequences have provided us with a wealth of data about the effects that volcanoes can have on the surrounding area. Today volcanologists can locate and predict eruptions, saving lives and preventing the destruction of cities and cultures.

17. Scientists analyzed data about Vesuvius in the same way that a zoologist ___ a specimen.

A. describes in detail

B. studies by cutting apart

C. photographs

D. chart

E. answer not available

B. studies by cutting apart

Mount Vesuvius, a volcano located between the ancient Italian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, has received much attention because of its frequent and destructive eruptions. The most famous of these eruptions occurred in A. D. 79.

The volcano had been inactive for centuries. There was little warning of the coming eruption, although one account unearthed by archaeologists says that a hard rain and a strong wind had disturbed the celestial calm during the preceding night. Early the next morning, the volcano poured a huge river of molten rock down upon Herculaneum, completely burying the city and filling in the harbor with coagulated lava.

Meanwhile, on the other side of the mountain, cinders, stone and ash rained down on Pompeii. Sparks from the burning ash ignited the combustible rooftops quickly. Large portions of the city were destroyed in the conflagration. Fire, however, was not the only cause of destruction. Poisonous sulphuric gases saturated the air. These heavy gases were not buoyant in the atmosphere and therefore sank toward the earth and suffocated people.

Over the years, excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum have revealed a great deal about the behavior of the volcano. By analyzing data, much as a zoologist dissects a specimen animal, scientist have concluded that the eruption changed large portions of the area's geography. For instance, it turned the Sarno River from its course and raised the level of the beach along the Bay of Naples. Meteorologists studying these events have also concluded that Vesuvius caused a huge tidal wave that affected the world's climate.

In addition to making these investigations, archaeologists have been able to study the skeletons of victims by using distilled water to wash away the volcanic ash. By strengthening the brittle bones with acrylic paint, scientists have been able to examine the skeletons and draw conclusions about the diet and habits of the residents. Finally, the excavations at both Pompeii and Herculaneum have yielded many examples of classical art, such as jewelry made of bronze, which is an alloy of copper and tin.

The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its tragic consequences have provided us with a wealth of data about the effects that volcanoes can have on the surrounding area. Today volcanologists can locate and predict eruptions, saving lives and preventing the destruction of cities and cultures.

18. ____have concluded that the volcanic eruption caused a tidal wave.

A. Scientist who study oceans

B. Scientist who study atmospheric conditions

C. Scientist who study ash

D. Scientist who study animal behavior

E. Answer not available in article

B. Scientist who study atmospheric conditions

Mount Vesuvius, a volcano located between the ancient Italian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, has received much attention because of its frequent and destructive eruptions. The most famous of these eruptions occurred in A. D. 79.

The volcano had been inactive for centuries. There was little warning of the coming eruption, although one account unearthed by archaeologists says that a hard rain and a strong wind had disturbed the celestial calm during the preceding night. Early the next morning, the volcano poured a huge river of molten rock down upon Herculaneum, completely burying the city and filling in the harbor with coagulated lava.

Meanwhile, on the other side of the mountain, cinders, stone and ash rained down on Pompeii. Sparks from the burning ash ignited the combustible rooftops quickly. Large portions of the city were destroyed in the conflagration. Fire, however, was not the only cause of destruction. Poisonous sulphuric gases saturated the air. These heavy gases were not buoyant in the atmosphere and therefore sank toward the earth and suffocated people.

Over the years, excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum have revealed a great deal about the behavior of the volcano. By analyzing data, much as a zoologist dissects a specimen animal, scientist have concluded that the eruption changed large portions of the area's geography. For instance, it turned the Sarno River from its course and raised the level of the beach along the Bay of Naples. Meteorologists studying these events have also concluded that Vesuvius caused a huge tidal wave that affected the world's climate.

In addition to making these investigations, archaeologists have been able to study the skeletons of victims by using distilled water to wash away the volcanic ash. By strengthening the brittle bones with acrylic paint, scientists have been able to examine the skeletons and draw conclusions about the diet and habits of the residents. Finally, the excavations at both Pompeii and Herculaneum have yielded many examples of classical art, such as jewelry made of bronze, which is an alloy of copper and tin.

The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its tragic consequences have provided us with a wealth of data about the effects that volcanoes can have on the surrounding area. Today volcanologists can locate and predict eruptions, saving lives and preventing the destruction of cities and cultures.

19. Scientist have used ___water to wash away volcanic ash from the skeletons of victims.

A. bottled

B. volcanic

C. purified

D. sea

E. fountain

C. purified

Conflict had existed between Spain and England since the 1570s. England wanted a share of the wealth that Spain had been taking from the lands it had claimed in the Americas.

Elizabeth I, Queen of England, encouraged her staunch admiral of the navy, Sir Francis Drake, to raid Spanish ships and towns. Though these raids were on a small scale, Drake achieved dramatic success, adding gold and silver to England's treasury and diminishing Spain's omnipotence.

Religious differences also caused conflict between the two countries. Whereas Spain was Roman Catholic, most of England had become Protestant. King Philip II of Spain wanted to claim the throne and make England a Catholic country again. To satisfy his ambition and also to retaliate against England's theft of his gold and silver, King Philip began to build his fleet of warships, the Armada, in January 1586.

Philip intended his fleet to be indestructible. In addition to building new warships, he marshaled one hundred and thirty sailing vessels of all types and recruited more than nineteen thousand robust soldiers and eight thousand sailors. Although some of his ships lacked guns and others lacked ammunition, Philip was convinced that his Armada could withstand any battle with England.

The martial Armada set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on May 9,1588, but bad weather forced it back to port. The voyage resumed on July 22 after the weather became more stable.

The Spanish fleet met the smaller, faster, and more maneuverable English ships in battle off the coast of Plymouth, England, first on July 31 and again on August 2. The two battles left Spain vulnerable, having lost several ships and with its ammunition depleted. On August 7, while the Armada lay at anchor on the French side of the Strait of Dover, England sent eight burning ships into the midst of the Spanish fleet to set it on fire. Blocked on one side, the Spanish ships could only drift away, their crews in panic and disorder. Before the Armada could regroup, the English attacked again on August 8.

Although the Spaniards made a valiant effort to fight back, the fleet suffered extensive damage. During the eight hours of battle, the Armada drifted perilously close to the rocky coastline. At the moment when it seemed that the Spanish ships would be driven onto the English shore, the wind shifted, and the Armada drifted out into the North Sea. The Spaniards recognized the superiority of the English fleet and returned home, defeated.

20. Sir Francis Drake added wealth to the treasury and diminished Spain's ____.

A. unlimited power

B. unrestricted growth

C. territory

D. treaties

E. answer not available in article

A. unlimited power