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motor control
process of brain and spinal cord that govern posture and movement, lasts milliseconds
motor learning
acquisition of skill through practice and experience, lasts days to weeks
motor development
change in motor behavior over extended period of time, lasts months to years
cognitive, social, adaptive, language, motor
developmental areas (5)
neural maturationist, cognitive, dynamic systems
three major theoretical approaches for motor development
CNS maturation, reflexes, environment, behavioral, hierarchical, spirals, flexor vs extensor dominance, symmetry vs asymmetry, neurodevelopmental treatment
neural maturationist theories state that stages of development occur as a result of _____ (_____), not altered by _____, strongly opposes _____ approach, assumption is _____, development _____ with periods of _____ and _____, basis for _____
lesions, higher centers, abnormal reflex activity, normal movement, abnormal, quality, meaningful functional activity, systems, postural control
neurodevelopmental treatment states CNS _____ cause loss of control from _____ and release of _____, focus on facilitating _____ patterns and inhibiting _____ patterns, goals focus on _____ of movement instead of _____, newer _____ assumptions have been incorporated to explain importance of _____
operant conditioning, reinforcement, environment, role, passive
main behavioral theory is _____, motor and cognitive learning is contingent on _____ from _____, individual has _____ in development not _____ participant
piaget’s stages, alternate, equilibrium, disequilibrium, interaction, cognitive neural maturation, environment
main cognitive theory is _____, _____ periods of _____ and _____, development is _____ between _____ and _____
reflexes, voluntary actions, sensorimotor, 18-24 months, repetition, representational thought, 2-6 years, language, concrete operations, 6-11 years, reversing thoughts, formal operations, 11 years, logical thinking, hypothetical reasoning
in piaget’s stages, _____ first and then _____, first stage is _____, ages _____, focus on _____, second stage is _____, ages _____, focus on _____, third stage is _____, ages _____, focus is _____, fourth stage is _____, ages _____, focus is _____ and _____
dynamic, functional, current, integrated, skilled, internal components, external context
dynamic systems states motor development is _____ and _____ process not product of hierarchy, drives _____ motor research in pediatrics, structures become progressively _____ to optimize _____ function, movement outcome is affected by _____ and _____
relative stability, systems, continuous rate, environment, appropriate
in dynamic systems theory, apparent stages are states of _____ emerging from multitude of _____ and developing at _____, driving forces are individual recognizing benefit of _____ and selecting most _____ response
order parameters
variables which represent action of many systems to characterize coordinated behavior of system (stability)
control parameters
variables which initiate change in a system (change)
systems, rates, self, environment
dynamic system theory is based on multiple cooperating _____ with individual _____ of development and _____ motivated exploration of _____
degrees of freedom, cpgs
critical neuroscience effects on contemporary motor control concepts (2)
cephalocaudal, proximodistal
developmental direction is _____ and _____
19-21, 50, 7 1/2, tripled, 25, 75
_____ inches at birth and _____% of adult height at 2 years, _____ lbs at birth _____ by 12 months, brain is _____% adult weight at birth and _____% at 2 years
midline, distal, midline of neck, shoulders and pelvis, extremities, ongoing, inseparable, midline, distal
development occurs from _____ of body to _____, _____ to _____ to _____, distal development is _____ and _____, control of _____ precedes _____
asymmetric, symmetric
development starts _____ and then becomes _____
gross, fine, total body, isolated, mass, discrete, general, specific, reflexive, intentional
_____ motor develops before _____ motor, _____ movement seen before _____ head/trunk movement, _____ movements before _____, _____ to _____ = _____ to _____
dissociation
sensorimotor maturation breaking up of movement patterns where head can turn without affecting whole body
flexion, fetal, extension, same, lateral flexion, opposite, rotation
_____ (_____ position) to voluntary _____, flexor/extensor of _____ side work together for _____, flexor/extensor of _____ side work together for _____
postural control, stable posture, movement control, static, dynamic
mobility and stability = _____, _____ develops to _____, _____ postural control before _____
positional stability
stability that comes from mechanics of position
dynamic stability
use of muscular control
mobility, stability, distal, free
skilled movement is _____ on _____ with _____ part _____
nervous system
although systems theory downplays its role, _____ is still driving force in development
brain biology, anatomy, brain, produced, experience, repertoires, maps, brain, unique
neuronal group selection states psych models neglect _____, describe how _____ of _____ is _____, how _____ strengthens _____, and resulting _____ of _____ make us _____ individuals
repeated, together, cns, systems, variability, growth, migration, death, decreasing variability, selection, effective, situation
neuronal group selection states _____ activity causes neurons to fire _____, balances _____ and _____, infant development includes two periods of _____ due to cell _____/_____/_____ and two periods of _____ due to _____ of most _____ response patterns for particular _____
coordination, subsystems, environment
cephalocaudal progression results from process of _____ of variety of _____ in response to _____ for action not genetic direction
stability, instability, sensitive, environmental, interventions
spiraling development characterized by periods of relative _____ and _____ and _____ periods in which development is especially responsive to _____ influence and _____
self, progress
development is based on _____ regulation and active construction of developmental _____