Motor Development Theory

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33 Terms

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motor control

process of brain and spinal cord that govern posture and movement, lasts milliseconds

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motor learning

acquisition of skill through practice and experience, lasts days to weeks

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motor development

change in motor behavior over extended period of time, lasts months to years

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cognitive, social, adaptive, language, motor

developmental areas (5)

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neural maturationist, cognitive, dynamic systems

three major theoretical approaches for motor development

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CNS maturation, reflexes, environment, behavioral, hierarchical, spirals, flexor vs extensor dominance, symmetry vs asymmetry, neurodevelopmental treatment

neural maturationist theories state that stages of development occur as a result of _____ (_____), not altered by _____, strongly opposes _____ approach, assumption is _____, development _____ with periods of _____ and _____, basis for _____

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lesions, higher centers, abnormal reflex activity, normal movement, abnormal, quality, meaningful functional activity, systems, postural control

neurodevelopmental treatment states CNS _____ cause loss of control from _____ and release of _____, focus on facilitating _____ patterns and inhibiting _____ patterns, goals focus on _____ of movement instead of _____, newer _____ assumptions have been incorporated to explain importance of _____

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operant conditioning, reinforcement, environment, role, passive

main behavioral theory is _____, motor and cognitive learning is contingent on _____ from _____, individual has _____ in development not _____ participant

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piaget’s stages, alternate, equilibrium, disequilibrium, interaction, cognitive neural maturation, environment

main cognitive theory is _____, _____ periods of _____ and _____, development is _____ between _____ and _____

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reflexes, voluntary actions, sensorimotor, 18-24 months, repetition, representational thought, 2-6 years, language, concrete operations, 6-11 years, reversing thoughts, formal operations, 11 years, logical thinking, hypothetical reasoning

in piaget’s stages, _____ first and then _____, first stage is _____, ages _____, focus on _____, second stage is _____, ages _____, focus on _____, third stage is _____, ages _____, focus is _____, fourth stage is _____, ages _____, focus is _____ and _____

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dynamic, functional, current, integrated, skilled, internal components, external context

dynamic systems states motor development is _____ and _____ process not product of hierarchy, drives _____ motor research in pediatrics, structures become progressively _____ to optimize _____ function, movement outcome is affected by _____ and _____

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relative stability, systems, continuous rate, environment, appropriate

in dynamic systems theory, apparent stages are states of _____ emerging from multitude of _____ and developing at _____, driving forces are individual recognizing benefit of _____ and selecting most _____ response

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order parameters

variables which represent action of many systems to characterize coordinated behavior of system (stability)

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control parameters

variables which initiate change in a system (change)

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systems, rates, self, environment

dynamic system theory is based on multiple cooperating _____ with individual _____ of development and _____ motivated exploration of _____

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degrees of freedom, cpgs

critical neuroscience effects on contemporary motor control concepts (2)

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cephalocaudal, proximodistal

developmental direction is _____ and _____

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19-21, 50, 7 1/2, tripled, 25, 75

_____ inches at birth and _____% of adult height at 2 years, _____ lbs at birth _____ by 12 months, brain is _____% adult weight at birth and _____% at 2 years

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midline, distal, midline of neck, shoulders and pelvis, extremities, ongoing, inseparable, midline, distal

development occurs from _____ of body to _____, _____ to _____ to _____, distal development is _____ and _____, control of _____ precedes _____

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asymmetric, symmetric

development starts _____ and then becomes _____

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gross, fine, total body, isolated, mass, discrete, general, specific, reflexive, intentional

_____ motor develops before _____ motor, _____ movement seen before _____ head/trunk movement, _____ movements before _____, _____ to _____ = _____ to _____

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dissociation

sensorimotor maturation breaking up of movement patterns where head can turn without affecting whole body

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flexion, fetal, extension, same, lateral flexion, opposite, rotation

_____ (_____ position) to voluntary _____, flexor/extensor of _____ side work together for _____, flexor/extensor of _____ side work together for _____

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postural control, stable posture, movement control, static, dynamic

mobility and stability = _____, _____ develops to _____, _____ postural control before _____

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positional stability

stability that comes from mechanics of position

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dynamic stability

use of muscular control

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mobility, stability, distal, free

skilled movement is _____ on _____ with _____ part _____

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nervous system

although systems theory downplays its role, _____ is still driving force in development

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brain biology, anatomy, brain, produced, experience, repertoires, maps, brain, unique

neuronal group selection states psych models neglect _____, describe how _____ of _____ is _____, how _____ strengthens _____, and resulting _____ of _____ make us _____ individuals

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repeated, together, cns, systems, variability, growth, migration, death, decreasing variability, selection, effective, situation

neuronal group selection states _____ activity causes neurons to fire _____, balances _____ and _____, infant development includes two periods of _____ due to cell _____/_____/_____ and two periods of _____ due to _____ of most _____ response patterns for particular _____

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coordination, subsystems, environment

cephalocaudal progression results from process of _____ of variety of _____ in response to _____ for action not genetic direction

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stability, instability, sensitive, environmental, interventions

spiraling development characterized by periods of relative _____ and _____ and _____ periods in which development is especially responsive to _____ influence and _____

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self, progress

development is based on _____ regulation and active construction of developmental _____