functional groups

hydroxyl compounds

ethanol and alcohol

hydroxyl structure

only one oxygen and an -OH group

hydroxyl example

ethanol

hydroxyl functional properties

polar

carbonyl-aldehyde compounds

propanol

carbonyl-aldehyde structure

only one oxygen, and has a c=o group at the end of the carbon chainc

carbonyl-aldehyde functional properties

polar

carbonyl-ketone compounds

acetone

carbonyl-ketone structure

only one oxygen, has a c=o group anywhere besides the end of a carbon chain

carbonyl-ketone functional properties

polar

carboxyl compounds

carboxylic acids and organic acids

carboxyl structure

has 2 oxygens; has an -OH and a c=o on the same atom/-cooh

carboxyl example

acetic acid

carboxyl functional properties

polar

amino compounds

amines

amino structure

contains nitrogen and a -NH2/-H2N group

amino example

amino acid

sulfhydryl compounds

thiols

sulfhydryl structure

-SH

sulfhydryl functional properties

polar; stabilizes protein structures

phosphate compounds

organic phosphate

phosphate example

phosphate functional properties

polar; DNA/RNA structure and ATP

methyl example

methyl functional properties

non-polar; fatty acid chain structure