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13th Amendment
Abolished slavery in the United States.
14th Amendment
Established birthright citizenship and equal protection.
15th Amendment
Granted African American men the right to vote.
17th Amendment
Allowed direct election of U.S. senators.
18th Amendment
Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol.
Enforcement Acts
Laws to combat voter disenfranchisement of African Americans.
Literacy Test
Difficult test used to restrict voting rights.
Poll Tax
Fee required to vote, disenfranchising poor citizens.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Established 'separate but equal' doctrine for segregation.
Brown v. Board of Education
Overturned Plessy, declaring segregated schools unconstitutional.
Booker T. Washington
African American leader advocating vocational education.
W.E.B. DuBois
First African American to earn a Harvard doctorate.
Andrew Carnegie
Led U.S. steel industry; promoted efficiency and innovation.
John Rockefeller
Dominated oil industry; known for vertical integration.
Temperance Movement
Advocated for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol.
WCTU
Women's Christian Temperance Union; linked temperance and suffrage.
Progressivism
Movement aimed at social reform and systemic change.
Atlanta Compromise Speech
Washington's address promoting vocational training for blacks.
Grandfather Clause
Allowed voting despite literacy tests if ancestors voted.
Solid South
Political term for post-Reconstruction Southern Democratic dominance.
Involuntary Servitude
Forced labor without consent, prohibited by the 13th Amendment.
Equal Protection Clause
Part of the 14th Amendment ensuring legal equality.
Abolitionist Movement
Campaign against slavery, primarily led by women.
Progressive Era
Period of reform from 1890 to 1918.
Political reform
Changes aimed at improving government operations.
Economic reform
Efforts to enhance economic opportunities for all.
Labor reforms
Legislation to improve working conditions and rights.
Temperance
Movement advocating for the reduction of alcohol consumption.
Social Welfare Protection
Government initiatives to support vulnerable populations.
Women's Suffrage
Movement for women's right to vote.
Grassroots movement
Community-led efforts for social and political change.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
1911 disaster highlighting workplace safety issues.
Lewis Hines
Photojournalist advocating against child labor.
Muckraker
Journalist exposing social injustices and corruption.
Jacob Riis
Author of 'How the Other Half Lives'.
Reconstruction Era
Period from 1865 to 1877 focused on rebuilding.
Jim Crow Era
Period of racial segregation from 1877 to 1964.
Compromise of 1877
Agreement ending Reconstruction and withdrawing troops.
Second Reconstruction
Period after Reconstruction leading to civil rights laws.
Railroad Expansion
Increase from 30,000 to 180,000 miles by 1890.
Child Labor Laws
Regulations to protect children from exploitation.
Labor-related laws
Legislation passed post-Triangle Fire for worker safety.
FIC
New York agency investigating unsafe working conditions.
Mandatory fire drills
Required safety practice in large workplaces.
Exit regulations
Laws preventing locking of emergency exits.
Restoration
Returning something to its former state.
Transcontinental Railroad
First completed in 1869, connecting coasts.
Time Zones
Established for synchronized train schedules nationwide.
Nationalization of Economy
Uniform time zones indicated economic integration.
GDP Growth Factors
Railroads enabled transportation of goods nationwide.
Market Specialization
Cities focused on producing specific goods efficiently.
Globalization
Expansion of trade networks beyond national borders.
The Jungle
Upton Sinclair's novel exposing meatpacking industry issues.
FDA
Federal agency ensuring food and drug safety.
Ida Tarbell
Journalist known for exposing Standard Oil practices.
Ida B. Wells
Activist focused on anti-lynching campaigns.
Homestead Strike
1892 labor strike over wage cuts and conditions.
Pinkertons
Private security used to suppress labor strikes.
National Guard
State military called to restore order during strikes.
Capital Wins
Outcome favoring business interests over labor.
Pullman Strike
1894 strike against Pullman Company for wage issues.
Eugene Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union (ARU).
ARU
Union supporting railroad workers' rights.
Switchman
Worker responsible for changing train track directions.
Federal Troops
Sent to Chicago to end Pullman Strike.
Volant Classes
Term referring to violent clashes during strikes.
Labor Movement
19th-century efforts for workers' rights and reforms.
Homestead Strike
A 1892 labor dispute in Pennsylvania.
Pullman Strike
A nationwide railroad strike in 1894.
Haymarket Affair
1886 labor rally turned violent in Chicago.
Coal Strike of 1902
Coal miners demanded pay increase and shorter hours.
Theodore Roosevelt
First president to mediate a labor strike.
New Freedom
Wilson's platform promoting small business support.
New Nationalism
Roosevelt's platform advocating federal regulation.
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of the Socialist Party in America.
Social Darwinism
Theory justifying social inequality and capitalism.
Laissez-faire economics
Economic system with minimal government intervention.
Muckrakers
Journalists exposing social issues and injustices.
Lewis Hine
Photographer documenting child labor conditions.
Florence Kelley
Advocate for child labor laws and women's rights.
Ellis Island
Immigration processing center for European arrivals.
Angel Island
Immigration station for Asian immigrants.
Child Labor Laws
Regulations aimed at preventing child exploitation.
Minimum Wage
Legally mandated lowest hourly pay for workers.
Federal Regulations
Government rules overseeing business practices.
Women's Suffrage
Movement advocating for women's voting rights.
Protective Tariff
Tax on imports to protect domestic industries.
Antitrust Laws
Legislation preventing monopolistic business practices.
Horizontal Integration
Business strategy of acquiring competitors at same level.
Imperialism
Policy of extending a country's power through military force.
