Endocrine System and Blood: Key Concepts and Histology

autocrine

effects on the same cells that secrete them

paracrines

affect other cells from those that secrete them

secondary endocrine functions

heart, thymus, adipose tissue, digestive tract, kidneys, gonads (testes and ovaries)

humoral release of hormone secretion

hormones secreted due to blood levels

neural stimulus

hormone release caused by neural input

tropic hormone

hormone released because of another hormone

hormone

the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect

portal system

blood flows through two capillary networks before returning to the heart, does not dillute

secondary messenger signaling

hormone binds to receptor, g protein acrivated and relays to adenylate cyclase enzyme. ATP is turned into cAMP the secondary messanger then protein kinase is activated to transport

anatomy of pancreas

insulin production

anatomy secretion of adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla inside, adrenal cortex three layers: zona glomerulosa (mineralcorticoids) zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids), zona reticularis (androgens)

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone low bp

When BP is too low, renin is secreted by the kidneys, going to the lungs and activating angiotensin 1 to become angiotensin 2 by ACE, which then stimulates the secretion of aldosterone, which reabsorbs water and sodium, increasing blood volume and thus blood pressure.

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone high bp bp

load of blood to the heart, the aorta then produces an atrial natriuretic peptide. atrial sodium is put out into urine. aldesterone is blocked and salt is put out into urine

plasma components

90% water, then solutes: albumin (osmosis), globulins (antibodies), fibrinogen (coagulation)

red blood cell production organ

Stem cells from bone marrow. hemocytoblasts to reticylocyte, then erythrocyte. erythropoetin hormone

fate of RBC

100-120 days, 10% excreted. macrophage recycles iron, heme is cycles into bilcerdin, bilirubin then urobilinogen and sterocobilins

pancreas histology

thyroid histology

adrenal gland histology

parathyroid histology

blood donating chart

aggulitation

clotting of antigens and antibodies

neutrophil

60-70%

Eosinophil

4%

monocyte

3-8%

Lymphocyte

20-25%

platelet

erythrocyte

basophil

1%

mononucleuosis

sickle cell anemia

erythroblasts fetalis

mother's blood is incompatible with their infants

normal blood

lymphatic leukemia