Reformation and Western Europe ID

Gutenberg printing press

Used to spread ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance; First document printed was the Bible; Led to the growth of literacy

Leonardo da Vinci

artist/painter (Last Supper and Mona Lisa), born in 1452

Michelangelo

painter of ceiling of Sistine Chapel and sculptor of David, born in 1475

Henry IV/Henry of Navarre

French king who converted to Catholicism for political purposes (politique); religions toleration of Huguenots

Politiques

people who prioritized political authority over anything (ex: religion)

Huguenots

French Calvinists; John Calvin's followers; sanctioned religious tolerance by Henry IV

Cluniac Reforms

(950-1130) unsuccessful reforms that was done in effort to curb corruption of the Church

Lollards

John Wycliffe's followers who argued that priests were unnecessary for salvation

Hussites

followers of John Hus; were declared heretics because they got accused for having similar beliefs to Wycliffe's; John Hus was burned at stake

Huldrych Zwingli

a Geneva theologian who wanted a religion that would follow the exact teachings of the scriptures (Bible); however, he was also opposed; rejected catholic teachings even more than Luther

Babylonian Captivity

(1309-1378) threatened the power of church; papacy located in France instead of Rome; gave the French rulers greater influence over Church such as the ability to choose who should be the pope

Martin Luther

a monk concluded that several Catholic practices violated teachings of the Bible through the 95 theses; challenged the church's sales of indulgences and the pope's authority to give out indulgences; when excommunicated by Pope, he was protected by nobles and successfully developed Protestant Church

indulgences

very controversial practice during this time; the church sold this which supposedly reduced a person's time in the purgatory; One of Martin Luther's main criticism of the Church during this time

Simony

the selling of church offices

95 Theses

written by Luther; arguments against the Church: indulgences had no basis in the Bible, pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory; leads to the excommunication of Luther by the pope

John Calvin

French theologian who broke with Church around 1530; wrote The Institutes of Christian Religion and reformed religious community in Switzerland; predestined heaven and hell (elect and reprobate)

Elect

those that are "predestined" to go to heaven according to Calvinism

Puritans

English Calvinists who wanted to "purify" Church of England of Catholic remnants

Henry VIII

(reign: 1509~1547) England king who developed Anglicanism; wanted to divorce his first wife but pope did not allow it which led to him developing the Anglican church with approval from the English Parliament

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII's second wife, mother of Elizabeth I; one of the causes to the divorce between Henry VIII and Catherine; beheaded for cheating

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England developed in order make a divorce that was disproved by the pope possible

Counter-Reformation

Catholic's response to Protestant Reformation and internal criticisms; however, it was too late and this was more like a stunt/show to keep the remaining Catholics

Inquisitions

legal procedures used in the church since late twelfth century to root out and punish heretics; sometimes allowed tortures to achieve its goals

Jesuits

Found by Ignatius Loyola, these group of people were violently catholic military group who had 3 goals in mind: reform church through edu., spread gospel to pagan people, and fight the protestants (super catholic people)

Council of Trent

a meeting that established Catholic belief for the next four centuries; attempted to address the worst abuses of the church and tried to reform it

Index of Prohibited Books

Approved in Council of Trent, this was a list of books that were considered "heretic" by the Catholic church (supporting Protestantism or over-criticized the church

Philip II

mad that Mary of Scots' (Catholic) got executed by the England queen, Elizabeth I, he declared war on England with his Spanish Armada to overthrow Elizabeth I and re-establish Catholicism in England

Spanish Armada

very strong fleet of Spain that was sent to England in goals to overthrow Elizabeth I of England and re-establish Catholicism; however, suffered a defeat, which ended the Spanish Golden Age

Peace of Augsburg

(1555) a treaty that ended conflict over Lutheranism temporarily; let German nobles and rulers choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism (whose the region, his religion; this treaty only applied to nobles & above); led to a permanent religious division of Germany

Edict of Nantes

(1598) After King Henry IV converted to Catholicism (politique), he announced that protestants (Huguenots) were going to be tolerated under certain circumstances; religious toleration in France for next 87 years

Thirty Years' War

Religious war between Catholics and Protestants; mostly fought in Germany, this was the 1st-continent wide war where major European powers were involved; in this war, France sided with the Protestants in Germany to fight against the Habsburg (Spain; Balance of power)

Peace of Westphalia

(1648) Peace of Augsburg reinstated (added Calvinism); Led to severe decentralized government in Germany (HRE) because German princes were made sovereign rulers

New monarchies

developed in Renaissance Europe as a result of rulers' desire to centralize power; included the Tudor dynasty, Valois, and Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

one of the new monarchies of Spain; sponsored Columbus' journey to the Americas

Divine Right Theory

a theory that states that rulers are "given" the right to rule; this theory was seriously undermined when Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded by Elizabeth I for treason

English Civil War

(began 1642) also known as the Puritan Revolution, this war was between the supporters of Stuart monarchy, and the supporters of Parliament (Protestants); argued over what powers the Parliament should have in relation with the monarchs

Oliver Cromwell

one of the parliament's leader during the English Civil War; the parliament was dominant in the English Civil War

William and Mary of Orange

(1688) Netherlands' Protestant monarchs who were invited by a group of English nobles who feared James II was going to convert to Catholicism; became joint rulers of England; signed the English Bill of Rights

Glorious Revolution

a political event where William and Mary became joint rulers of England which led for James II to flee England;

English Bill of Rights

(1689) signed by William and Mary, it assured individual civil liberties; (ex: legal process was required before someone could be arrested)

Social Contract Theory

a theory that proposes the idea of an agreement under which people give up some of their rights for the benefits of living in a community or protection under the government

The Leviathan

(1651) written by Thomas Hobbes, he emphasized the need for a strong government

Two Treatises of Government

(1690) written by John Locke, emphasized the need for a government with enough restraints to protect its people from tyranny; argued that people had right and a "duty" to rebel against a government that exceeded its legitimate power

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII (politique); developed the system of intendants; recruited soldiers, supervised tax collection; his goal was to centralize the government agian

Intendants

representatives of the king (paid and picked by king - loyal to king); to enforce royal orders, weaken power of local provinces, and to regulate nobility

Louis XIV

(1643-1715) under this ruler, France met its Golden Age; greatest example of absolute monarch who also had the longest reign of European history; "L' etat, c 'est moi!"

Versailles

a palace built by Louis XIV to reinforce his image as absolute ruler; took around 30 years to build, and 60% of total royal revenue was used to maintain this building; pleasure prison for French nobility (to undermine nobility's power)

War of the Spanish Succession

(1701~1714) Desiring to expand France's border, Louis XIV reorganized his army for number of wars; in this war, Louis XIV gained the throne of Spain (in great turmoil since the last of Habsburg family died without a heir) for the Bourbon dynasty

Peace of Utrecht

(1713) demanded that one person couldn't hold the throne to France and Spain simultaneously

Empiricism

(1620) developed by English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon, this early form of scientific method insisted the collection of data in order to back up a hypothesis

Sir Isaac Newton

combining Galileo's laws of terrestrial motion and Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published Principia in 1687; this work influenced the idea of Enlightenment

Scholasticism

old theological debate that concerned the relationship of faith to reason

Philosophes

philosophers who popularized some Enlightenment ideals

Mercantilism

heavy government involvement in the country's economy; Used in Old Imperialism and 17th c. Europe to maximize the amount of gold and silver coming into the country.

Adam Smith

an Enlightenment thinker who turned against mercantilism; argued that freer trade and greater trust in supply and demand would make everyone wealthier; came up with the famous idea of "invisible hand" guiding the market

The Wealth of Nations

(1776) written by Adam Smith, challenged the mercantilist belief that a country's wealth should be determined by the amount of gold and silver they had

Price Revolution

the high rate of inflation, general rise in prices during the Commercial Revolution

Joint-stock companies

companies owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them; aided the rise of extended global economy

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394~1460) Prince of Portugal who became the first in a series of European royalty to sponsor seafaring expeditions searching for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold

Bartholomew Diaz

a Portuguese explorer, first European to reach the Cape of Good Hope (1488); fearing a mutiny, he returned home

Vasco da Gama

a Portuguese explorer who sailed further east eventually landing in India (1498); he claimed some of this territory as part of the Portugal empire; these Indian ports played an important role in expanding Portugal's trade in Indian Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer who is credited to be the first circumnavigate the globe

French and Indian War/Seven Years' War

a war that was result of Great Peace of Montreal; a time to the hostilities of 1756~1763

Financial bubbles

financial scheme that was based on sales of shares to investors who were promised a certain return on their investment. However, when the prices of these shares drove up, the "bubble" burst leading to many investors losing money; great damage to economy

Third Estate

France suffered socially from the inability of this class to gain representation in the government; the members of this class were legally subordinate to the clergy and the nobles