Full NU1 Set

What falls under the Forages/roughages category

Dry forages and roughages

Vegetative pasture, range, and forages

Silages

A protein feed is defined as having greater than

20% Crude Protein (CP).

Energy Feed Definition

has greater than 60% Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN).

What are example of a supplements

mineral

vitamin

Non-nutritive additives

Characteristics of dry forages and roughages

>20% crude fiber, low TDN

High in cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin

Protein variable

Harvest date critical

Dry Forage Examples

alfalfa hay, native grass hay, corn stalks, Soybean hulls and Cottonseed

Vegetative pasture, range plants, and forages examples

Native range, cool/ warm season grasses, wheat, rye, legumes

Legumes

Alfalfa, Clovers

What does bloat (ruminal tympany) do

cause excessive production of foams in the rumen

– Foam inhibits the ability to eructate (Belch)

– Gases form causing bloat

– Animals cant breath

Characteristics of silage

Storage results in fermentation

– Anaerobic bacteria

– Bacteria produce lactic acid

■ Lowers pH to 4.0 or lower

■ Produces heat 80-100oF

– Optimum moisture content

■ 25-35% Dry Matter 75 – 65% Moisture

■ Too dry will burn up

Examples of silage

corn, sorghum, grass, alfalfa, clover, oats, rye

Give 4 examples of protein feeds.

Soybean meal, cottonseed meal, fish meal, urea

Characteristics of energy feeds

<20 crude fiber (or <35% cell wall) <20% CP

High in starch – grains

Energy Feed Examples

corn grain, beet pulp, barley grain, and wheat middlings

Supplement Examples

molasses, limestone, salt, and vitamin premix

Importance of Harvest Date

Harvest date is important to feed quality because more mature plants are less digestible, thus balancing yield and quality is essential.

Forage refers to

stems/leaves (fiber)

Concentrate refers to

seeds (high energy).

Common Feeds for Pigs

Common feeds for pigs include corn and soybean meal.

Common Feeds for Sheep

Common feeds for sheep include corn grain.

Common Feeds for Poultry

Common feeds for poultry include corn.

Common Feeds for Horses

Common feeds for horses include hay

Calcium to Phosphorus Ratio Ca:P

2:1

most cost efficient energy source on

the market

■ Basis for most diets

whole shelled hard pericarp

Corn

Categories of Nutrients

The six categories of nutrients are water, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.

Indispensable Nutrient

An indispensable nutrient must be fed to an animal as the body cannot synthesize it.

Dispensable Nutrient

A dispensable nutrient can be synthesized by the body, for example, Vitamin B12.

Types of Carbohydrates

Types of carbohydrates include starch (amylopectin, amylose), glycogen, and cellulose.

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

Volatile fatty acids are end products of microbial fermentation in the rumen.

Crude vs. True vs. Non-Protein Nitrogen

Crude protein is total nitrogen multiplied by 6.25; true protein consists of actual amino acids; and non-protein nitrogen refers to compounds like urea.

Amine Group

An amine group is represented by –NH₂ and is found in amino acids.

Protein Needs in Cows

Protein needs in cows increase during growth, lactation, and reproduction.

Symptoms of Protein Deficiency

Symptoms of protein deficiency include poor growth, rough coat, and low milk yield.

Calories per Gram: Fat vs. Carbohydrate

Fat provides 9 kcal/g, while carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/g.

Functions of Lipids

Lipids serve as energy sources, insulation, and they play a role in hormone production.

Triglyceride Definition

A triglyceride consists of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Long-Chain Fatty Acid

A long-chain fatty acid has 12 or more carbon atoms.

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.

Requirement of Fat in Diet

Fat is required in the diet for essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.

Sources of Fat

Fat is found in animals' adipose tissue and in plants' seeds/oils.

Mineral Definition

A mineral is an inorganic element that is essential for various body functions.

Macro Minerals

Macro minerals include calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), and sulfur (S).

Trace Minerals

Trace minerals include iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iodine (I), selenium (Se), and cobalt (Co).

Functions of Minerals

Minerals are necessary for bone structure, enzyme activation, and fluid balance.

Examples of Minerals and Functions

Calcium is for bone health; iron is important for oxygen transport; zinc supports immunity.

Vitamin Characteristics

Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts for specific functions.

Recognition of Vitamins

Vitamins were first recognized in the early 1900s.

Classes of Vitamins

Vitamins are classified into fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B-complex, C).

Functions of Vitamins

Vitamins play roles in metabolism, immunity, and vision.

Units of Measure for Vitamins

Vitamins can be measured in International Units (IU), milligrams (mg), or micrograms (µg).

Crude Protein Measurement Method

The Kjeldahl method is used to measure crude protein based on nitrogen content.

Functions of Water

Water serves functions including transport, temperature regulation, and digestion.

Rate-Limiting Nutrient

A rate-limiting nutrient is the nutrient in shortest supply that limits performance.

Function of GIT

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

Digestion Definition

Digestion is the breakdown of food into absorbable units.

Absorption Definition

Absorption is the uptake of nutrients into the bloodstream.

Diet Types: Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore

Herbivores have a long GIT, carnivores have a short GIT, and omnivores have an intermediate GIT.

Function of Mouth in Digestion

The mouth is responsible for mechanical breakdown and saliva production.

Parts of the Mouth

The mouth includes teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.

Function of Stomach

The stomach is involved in acid digestion and protein breakdown.

Function of Small Intestine

The small intestine's primary function is nutrient absorption.

Function of Large Intestine

The large intestine is responsible for water absorption and fermentation.

GIT Pathway in Pigs

The GIT pathway in pigs follows the route: Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum.

Function of Crop in Chickens

The crop functions as feed storage.

Function of Proventriculus in Chickens

The proventriculus is responsible for acid digestion.

Function of Gizzard in Chickens

The gizzard functions as a mechanical grinding organ.

Function of Reticulum in Ruminants

The reticulum traps foreign objects.

Function of Rumen in Ruminants

The rumen is responsible for fermentation and VFA production.

Function of Omasum in Ruminants

The omasum absorbs water.

Function of Abomasum in Ruminants

The abomasum acts as the true stomach, performing acid digestion.

Role of Microbes in Rumen

Microbes in the rumen digest fiber, produce VFAs, and synthesize protein.

Role of Ammonia in Rumen

Ammonia is used by microbes to build microbial protein.

Functions of Saliva in Ruminants

Saliva buffers pH, aids in rumination, and lubricates feed.