Full NU1 Set

🐮 Feed Classification Flashcards

Q1: What are the main categories of feeds? A: Forage/Roughage, Protein, Energy, Supplement, Vitamins, Minerals, Non-nutritive additives

Q2: What defines a protein feed? A: >20% Crude Protein (CP)

Q3: What defines an energy feed? A: >60% Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

Q4: Can a feed belong to more than one category? A: Yes

Q5: Give 4 examples of forage feeds. A: Alfalfa hay, grass hay, corn silage, bermudagrass

Q6: Give 4 examples of protein feeds. A: Soybean meal, cottonseed meal, fish meal, urea

Q7: Give 4 examples of energy feeds. A: Corn grain, beet pulp, barley grain, wheat middlings

Q8: Give 4 examples of supplements. A: Molasses, limestone, salt, vitamin premix

Q9: Why is harvest date important to feed quality? A: More mature plants are less digestible; balance yield and quality

Q10: What’s the difference between forage and concentrate? A: Forage = stems/leaves (fiber); Concentrate = seeds (high energy)

🐷 Species-Specific Feeds

Q11: Common feeds for pigs? A: Corn, soybean meal

Q12: Common feeds for sheep? A: Corn grain

Q13: Common feeds for poultry? A: Corn

Q14: Common feeds for horses? A: Oats

Q15: Common feeds for beef cattle? A: Corn grain

Q16: Common feeds for dairy cattle? A: Corn

Q17: What is the proper calcium to phosphorus ratio? A: Between 1:1 and 2:1

🧪 Nutrients

Q18: What are the 6 categories of nutrients? A: Water, Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals

Q19: What makes a nutrient indispensable? A: Must be fed; body cannot synthesize it

Q20: What makes a nutrient dispensable? A: Body can synthesize it (e.g., Vitamin B12)

Q21: Types of carbohydrates? A: Starch (amylopectin, amylose), glycogen, cellulose

Q22: What are volatile fatty acids (VFAs)? A: End products of microbial fermentation in the rumen

Q23: Difference between crude, true, and non-protein nitrogen? A: Crude = total N × 6.25; True = actual amino acids; NPN = e.g., urea

Q24: What is an amine group? A: –NH₂, found in amino acids

Q25: How do protein needs change in cows? A: Increase during growth, lactation, reproduction

Q26: Symptoms of protein deficiency? A: Poor growth, rough coat, low milk yield

Q27: Calories per gram: fat vs. carbohydrate? A: Fat = 9 kcal/g; Carbohydrate = 4 kcal/g

Q28: Functions of lipids? A: Energy, insulation, hormone production

Q29: What is a triglyceride? A: Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Q30: What is a long-chain fatty acid? A: ≥12 carbon atoms

Q31: Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids? A: Saturated = no double bonds; Unsaturated = ≥1 double bond

Q32: Is fat required in the diet? A: Yes, for essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins

Q33: Where is fat found? A: Animals = adipose tissue; Plants = seeds/oils

🧂 Minerals & Vitamins

Q34: What is a mineral? A: Inorganic element essential for body functions

Q35: What are macro minerals? A: Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S

Q36: What are trace minerals? A: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, I, Se, Co

Q37: General functions of minerals? A: Bone structure, enzyme activation, fluid balance

Q38: Examples of minerals and their functions? A: Calcium = bone; Iron = oxygen transport; Zinc = immunity

Q39: Characteristics of vitamins? A: Organic, needed in small amounts, specific functions

Q40: When were vitamins first recognized? A: Early 1900s

Q41: Classes of vitamins? A: Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K); Water-soluble (B-complex, C)

Q42: Functions of vitamins? A: Metabolism, immunity, vision

Q43: Units of measure for vitamins? A: IU, mg, µg

Q44: How is crude protein measured in lab? A: Kjeldahl method (measures nitrogen)

Q45: Functions of water? A: Transport, temperature regulation, digestion

Q46: What is a rate-limiting nutrient? A: Nutrient in shortest supply that limits performance

🧠 Digestion

Q47: Function of the GIT? A: Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

Q48: Define digestion. A: Breakdown of food into absorbable units

Q49: Define absorption. A: Uptake of nutrients into bloodstream

Q50: Herbivore vs. Carnivore vs. Omnivore? A: Herbivore = long GIT, fiber; Carnivore = short GIT, protein/fat; Omnivore = intermediate

Q51: Function of the mouth? A: Mechanical breakdown, saliva production

Q52: Parts of the mouth? A: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands

Q53: Function of the stomach? A: Acid digestion, protein breakdown

Q54: Function of the small intestine? A: Nutrient absorption

Q55: Function of the large intestine? A: Water absorption, fermentation

🐷 Pig GIT

Q56: GIT pathway in pigs? A: Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum

🐔 Chicken GIT

Q57: Function of crop? A: Feed storage

Q58: Function of proventriculus? A: Acid digestion

Q59: Function of gizzard? A: Mechanical grinding

🐮 Ruminant GIT

Q60: Function of reticulum? A: Traps foreign objects

Q61: Function of rumen? A: Fermentation, VFA production

Q62: Function of omasum? A: Water absorption

Q63: Function of abomasum? A: True stomach (acid digestion)

Q64: Why are microbes in the rumen? A: Digest fiber, produce VFAs, synthesize protein

Q65: Role of ammonia in rumen? A: Used by microbes to build microbial protein

Q66: Functions of saliva in ruminants? A: Buffer pH, aid rumination, lubricate feed