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anatomical position
standing up, head straight, arms by your side, palms facing forward, feet forward
supine
lying face up
prone
lying face down
distal
further down the limb
proximal
further up the limb
medial
closer to the midline
lateral
further from the midline
superior (cephalic)
towards or above the head
inferior (caudal)
towards or below the feet
anterior (ventral)
in front of the body
posterior (dorsal)
behind the body
sagittal plane
cuts body from head to toe, into left and right sides
frontal plane
cuts body from head to toe, into front and back
transverse plane
cuts body in to top and bottom halves
oblique plane
cuts body from an angle
cranial cavity
the space within the skull that houses the brain.
vertebral canal
the canal in the vertebral column that contains the spinal cord and the spinal nerve roots
media stinum
space in the chest between the lungs that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels.
thoracic cavity
the chamber in the body encased by the ribs, containing the lungs and heart.
abdomen cavity
the large body cavity under the diaphragm that houses digestive organs
pelvic cavity
houses the bladder and reproductive organs
organizational level
chemical → cellular → tissue → organs → organ system → organism
chemical level
macronutrients, lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acid
cellular level
epithelial cells, neuron, smooth muscle cell
tissue level
epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, smooth muscle tissue
organ level
bladder, brain, stomach, heart, etc
organ system level
urinary system, nervous system, etc
organism
humans, plants, animals
integumentary system
the body’s outermost layer consisting of skin, hair, nails
skeletal system
the body’s framework, composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
muscular system
responsible for movement, posture, and maintaining body temp
nervous system
network responsible for coordinating body functions and enabling communication between the brain and the rest of the body
endocrine system
a network of glands that produce and release hormones
cardiovascular system
organs and tissue responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, and nutrients
lymphatic system
maintains fluid balance by collecting excess fluid and returning it to the bloodstream
respiratory system
responsible for oxygen intake
digestive intake
breaks down and absorbs food
urinary system
filters blood and creates urine
reproductive system
responsible for producing offspring
frontal
forehead
orbital
eyes
nasal
nose
oral
mouth
otic
ear
buccal
cheek
mental
chin
pectoral
chest
sternal
breastbone
mammary
breast
abdominal
abdomen
umbilical
naval
pelvic
pelvis
inguinal
groin
pubic
genital
clavicular
collarbone
axillary
armpit
brachial
arm
antecubital
front of elbow
antebrachial
forearm
carpal
wrist
manual
hand
pollex
thumb
palmer
palm
digital (upper limb)
fingers
coxal
hip
femoral
thigh
patellar
knee cap
crural
leg
pedal
foot
talus
ankle
dorsum
top of foot
digital (lower limb)
toes
hallux
big toe
occipital
base of skull
nuchal
back of neck
acromial
point of shoulder
olecranon
point of elbow
dorsum
back of hand
dorsal
back
scapular
shoulder blade
vertebral
spinal column
lumbar
lower back
sacral
between hips
gluteal
buttock
perineal
perineum
popliteal
behind knee
sural
calf
plantar
sole
calcaneal
heel
homeostasis
the maintenance of a stable environment
negative feedback
vital for homeostasis by maintaining set points
positive feedback
amplifies responses until processes are completed
most abundant elements in the body
nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
ions
charged atoms or molecules
macromolecules that make up cells
lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
lipids
fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions
includes triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol
carbohydrates
gives you energy from nutrients
includes glucose, starch, fiber, glycogen
is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
nucleic acid
part of DNA and RNA
protein
polymer of amino acid monomers
pH
an inverse measure of H+ (proton) concentration