BIO120 UNIT 1

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137 Terms

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anatomical position

standing up, head straight, arms by your side, palms facing forward, feet forward

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supine

lying face up

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prone

lying face down

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distal

further down the limb

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proximal

further up the limb

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medial

closer to the midline

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lateral

further from the midline

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superior (cephalic)

towards or above the head

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inferior (caudal)

towards or below the feet

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anterior (ventral)

in front of the body

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posterior (dorsal)

behind the body

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sagittal plane

cuts body from head to toe, into left and right sides

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frontal plane

cuts body from head to toe, into front and back

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transverse plane

cuts body in to top and bottom halves

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oblique plane

cuts body from an angle

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cranial cavity

the space within the skull that houses the brain.

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vertebral canal

the canal in the vertebral column that contains the spinal cord and the spinal nerve roots

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media stinum

space in the chest between the lungs that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels.

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thoracic cavity

the chamber in the body encased by the ribs, containing the lungs and heart.

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abdomen cavity

the large body cavity under the diaphragm that houses digestive organs

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pelvic cavity

houses the bladder and reproductive organs

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organizational level

chemical → cellular → tissue → organs → organ system → organism

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chemical level

macronutrients, lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acid

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cellular level

epithelial cells, neuron, smooth muscle cell

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tissue level

epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, smooth muscle tissue

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organ level

bladder, brain, stomach, heart, etc

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organ system level

urinary system, nervous system, etc

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organism

humans, plants, animals

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integumentary system

the body’s outermost layer consisting of skin, hair, nails

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skeletal system

the body’s framework, composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

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muscular system

responsible for movement, posture, and maintaining body temp

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nervous system

network responsible for coordinating body functions and enabling communication between the brain and the rest of the body

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endocrine system

a network of glands that produce and release hormones

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cardiovascular system

organs and tissue responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, and nutrients

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lymphatic system

maintains fluid balance by collecting excess fluid and returning it to the bloodstream

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respiratory system

responsible for oxygen intake

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digestive intake

breaks down and absorbs food

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urinary system

filters blood and creates urine

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reproductive system

responsible for producing offspring

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frontal

forehead

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orbital

eyes

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nasal

nose

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oral

mouth

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otic

ear

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buccal

cheek

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mental

chin

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pectoral

chest

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sternal

breastbone

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mammary

breast

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abdominal

abdomen

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umbilical

naval

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pelvic

pelvis

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inguinal

groin

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pubic

genital

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clavicular

collarbone

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axillary

armpit

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brachial

arm

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antecubital

front of elbow

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antebrachial

forearm

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carpal

wrist

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manual

hand

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pollex

thumb

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palmer

palm

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digital (upper limb)

fingers

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coxal

hip

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femoral

thigh

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patellar

knee cap

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crural

leg

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pedal

foot

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talus

ankle

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dorsum

top of foot

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digital (lower limb)

toes

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hallux

big toe

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occipital

base of skull

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nuchal

back of neck

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acromial

point of shoulder

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olecranon

point of elbow

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dorsum

back of hand

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dorsal

back

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scapular

shoulder blade

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vertebral

spinal column

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lumbar

lower back

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sacral

between hips

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gluteal

buttock

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perineal

perineum

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popliteal

behind knee

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sural

calf

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plantar

sole

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calcaneal

heel

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homeostasis

the maintenance of a stable environment

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negative feedback

vital for homeostasis by maintaining set points

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positive feedback

amplifies responses until processes are completed

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most abundant elements in the body

nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen

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ions

charged atoms or molecules

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macromolecules that make up cells

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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lipids

fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions

  • includes triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol

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carbohydrates

gives you energy from nutrients

  • includes glucose, starch, fiber, glycogen

  • is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

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nucleic acid

part of DNA and RNA

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protein

polymer of amino acid monomers

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pH

an inverse measure of H+ (proton) concentration