CRIMINOLOGY 1

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY

The scientific study of crime as a social phenomenon.

CRIMINOLOGY

Refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims, it also deals with the prevention and solution of crimes (RA 11131).

EDWIN SUTHERLAND

According to him, criminology is a process of: making of laws, breaking of laws, and society’s reaction to breaking of laws.

ETIOLOGY OF CRIMES / CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY

The scientific analysis of the causes of crimes and the criminal behavior.

ETIOLOGY OF CRIMES / CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY

An attempt at scientifc analysis of the causes of crimes.

SOCIOLOGY OF LAW

Refers to the investigation of the nature of criminal law and its administration.

SOCIOLOGY OF LAW

An attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions which criminal law has developed as a process of formal or social control.

PENOLOGY

The study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation of offender.

PENOLOGY

It is a division of criminology which deals with punishment of crime and jail management.

PENOLOGY

Concerned with crime control by repressing criminal activities through fear of punishment.

APPLIED SCIENCE

In the study of the causes of crimes, anthropology, psychology, sociology and other natural sciences may be applied.

SOCIAL SCIENCE

It exists in a society being a social phenomenon.

DYNAMIC

Criminology changes as social condition change.

NATIONALISTIC

The study of crime must be in relation with the existing criminal law within the territory of our country.

CRIMINAL DEMOGRAPHY

Study of the relationship between criminality and population.

CRIMINAL EPIDEMIOLOGY

Study of the relationship between environment (milieu) and criminality.

CRIMINAL ECOLOGY

Study of criminality in relation to spatial distribution in a community.

CRIMINAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Study of criminality in relation to physical constituion of men.

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY

Study of human behavior in relation to criminality.

CRIMINAL PSYCHIATRY

Study of human mind in relation to criminality.

CRIMINAL VICTIMOLOGY

Deals with the victimization of crime which is considered by political society as any act or omission punishable by law.

SINGLE/UNITARY THEORY

Contends that crime is produced by one factor. It may be biological, sociological, or psychological.

MULTIPLE FACTOR THEORY

Views that crime is not a product of a single cause or factor but a combination of several factors.

ECLECTIC THEORY

That crime stemmed by one or more factors while in other instances, it is caused by another set of factors.

INTEGRATED THEORY

A theory that combines two or more theories to generate a single model of framework.

SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT

Refers to a group of beliefs or ideas that supports a specific theory.

THEORY

Set of statements devised to explain behavior, events or phenomenon, especially one that has been repeatedly tested and widely accepted.

DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY

People commit crime because they are possessed with demons.

CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

Individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing consequence for their actions. Fear of punishment is used to deter people from commiting crime. No distinction between adult, minor, and/or mentally-handicapped.

CESARE BECCARIA & JEREMY BENTHAM

People under the Classical School of Criminology.

CESARE BECCARIA

Published the book “On Crimes and Punishment”.

JEREMY BENTHAM

He is the person behind the Utilitarianism, Felicific Calculus, and Panopticon Prison.

UTILITARIANISM

Is a philosophy which argues that what is right is the one that would cause the greatest good for greatest number of people.

FELICIFIC CALCULUS

Theory that proposes that individuals calculate the consequences of his actions by weighing the pleasure (gain) and the pain (suffering) they would derive from doing the action.

PANOPTICON PRISON

“Observe to observe”.

DETERRENCE

The prevention of a certain act or acts (such as a crime) through fear of punishment.

GENERAL DETERRENCE

A crime control policy that hinges on the fear of criminal penalties.

GENERAL DETERRENCE

Such as long prison sentences for violent crimes, are aimed at convincing the potential law violator that the pains associated with crime outweigh its benefits.

SPECIFIC DETERRENCE

A crime control policy proposing that punishment be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity.

CELERITY OR SWIFTNESS

The rapidity with which punishment follows a crime.

SEVERITY

The complexity or unpleasantness of a sanction.

CERTAINTY

The likelihood that a crime will be detected and punished.

NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

Modified the doctrine of free will by standing that free will of men may be AFFECTED BY OTHER FACTORS and crime is committed due to some compelling reasons that prevail.

NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

These causes are pathology, incompetence, insanity or any condition that will make it impossible for the individual to exercise free will entirely.

POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

The man is subdued occasionally by a strange and morbid phenomenon, which constrains him to do wrong, despite of contrary to his violation.

POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

Analysis based on observable scientific facts.

POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

Behaviors are imposed by biological and psychological factors.

POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

Human behavior is pre-disposed and fully determined by individual differences and biological traits meaning IT IS NOT FREEWILL THAT DRIVES PEOPLE TO COMMIT CRIMES.

EZCHIA MARCO “CESARE” LOMBROSO

Father of Modern and Empirical Criminology due to his application of modern scientific methods to trace criminal behavior.

CESARE LOMBROSO

He claimed that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence of ATAVISTIC STIGMATA and crimes committed by those who are born with certain recognizable heredity traits.

BORN CRIMINALS

Individuals with at least five (5) atavistic stigmata.

INSANE CRIMINALS

Those who became criminals because of some brain defect which affected their ability to understand and differentiate what is right from what is wrong.

CRIMINALOIDS

Those with makeup of an ambigous group that include habitual criminals, criminals by passion and other diverse types.

PSEUDO-CRIMINALS

Those criminals who committed a felonious act due to self-defense.

ENRICO FERRI

He focused his study on the influences of psychological factors and sociological factors such as economics, on crimes.

ENRICO FERRI

Believed that criminals could not be held morally responsible because they did not choose to commit crimes but rather were driven to commit crimes by CONDITIONS IN THEIR LIVES.

RAFFAELE GAROFALO

He treated the roots of the criminals' behavior not to physical features but to their psychological equivalent, which he referred to as MORAL ANOMALIES.

RAFFAELE GAROFALO

He rejected the doctrine of freewill.

MURDERER

Refers to a criminal who kills another person and is satisfied from vengeance/revenge. This type of criminal totally lacks both pity and probity and will kill whenever opportunity arises.

VIOLENT CRIMINAL

Lacks pity and can be influenced by environmental factors such as the consumption of alcohol or the fact that criminality is endemic to criminal's particular population.

DEFICIENT CRIMINAL

Refers to a person who commits crime against property like thieves and robbers.

LASCIVIOUS CRIMINAL

Refers to a person who commits crime against chastity like acts of lasciviousness, seduction, adultery, and the like.

INTERACTIONIST MODEL

Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others.

INTERACTIONIST MODEL

Socialization and learning processes occur as the result of grouped membership and relationship.

CONFLICT MODEL

Looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance.

CONFLICT MODEL

Unlike functionalist, it don't see these factors as positive functions of society. They see them as evidence of inequality in the system.

FUNCTIONALIST MODEL

Concerned with the way the different elements of a society contribute to the whole. They view deviance as a key component of a functioning society.

CRIME

Refers to an act committed or omitted in violation of public law.

CRIME

It also refers to an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it.

FELONY

Committed by means of dolo (deceit) or culpa (fault) and punishable under the Revised Penal Code (RPC).

OFFENSE

Committed and punishable under Special Penal Law (SPL).

INFRACTION

Committed and punishable under City or Municipal Ordinance (C/MO).

MISDEMEANOR

Committed minor/petty crimes.

INTENTIONAL FELONIES

Felonies committed by means of dolo (deceit). The act or omission is performed with deliberate intent or malice.

FREEDOM OR VOLUNTARINESS

When the person acted on his own accord, without irrestible force and/or uncontrollable fear.

INTELLIGENCE

When the person who committed the crime has the ability to determine what is right from what is wrong and to realize the consequences of one's act.

INTENT

When the person knowingly and purposely committed the crime to effect the desired result.

CULPABLE FELONIES

Felonies committed by means of culpa (fault). The act or omission of the offender is not malicious and the injury caused by the offender is unintentional, it being simply the incident of another act performed without malice.

IMPRUDENCE

Deficiency in action; failure to take the necessary precaution to prevent the danger due to carelessness.

NEGLIGENCE

Deficiency in perception; failure to foresee the danger.

LACK OF FORESIGHT

When the crime resulted due to the person's inability to predict the obvious possible outcome of his actions.

LACK OF SKILL

When the crime resulted because the person does not have the necessary skill to perform the action safely.

CONSUMMATED CRIME

When all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are present.

FRUSTRATED CRIME

When the offender has performed all the acts of execution which will produce the felony as a consequence but which nevertheless do not produce it, by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator.

ATTEMPTED CRIME

When the offender commences the comission of a crime directly by overt acts and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident other than his own spontaneous desistance.

SIMPLE CRIME

Simple act constituting only one offense.

COMPLEX CRIME

Single act constituting two or more grave felonies/less grave or an act is a necessary means for committing the adher.

COMPOUND CRIME (DELITO COMPUESTO)

Occurs when a single act results in two or more grave or less grave felonies.

COMPLEX CRIME PROPER (DELITO COMPLEJO)

Arises when one offense is a necessary means to commit another.

SPECIAL COMPLEX CRIME (COMPOSITE CRIME)

Crimes constituting a single indivisible offense, and are penalized under one article of the RPC.

CONTINUED/CONTINUING CRIME

Is a single crime, consisting of a series of acts that all arise from one single criminal resolution or impulse, for which the court imposes only one penalty.

GRAVE

Capital/afflictive punishment (PM to RP).

LESS GRAVE

Correctional (max period) Destierro to PC)

ARRESTO MENOR

1 day - 30 days

ARRESTO MAYOR

1 month, 1 day - 6 months

PRISION CORRECTIONAL

6 months, 1 day - 6 years

PRISION MAYOR

6 years, 1 day - 12 years

RECLUSION TEMPORAL

12 years, 1 day - 20 years

RECLUSION PERPETUA

20 years, 1 day - 40 years

LIGHT

Arresto menor or fine not exceeding 200 pesos are imposed or both.