Ch 6 Psych uncut

infant sucking on a nipple

What is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

Classical conditioning; operant conditioning

two types of associative learning

occurs as a result of experience

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

classical conditioning

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

stimulus generalization

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Extinction occurs when _________

Conditioned responses

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.

negative punishment

when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior

Money

Not an example of a primary reinforcer

Shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

Variable ratio

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

Model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

kicked and threw the doll

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

Albert Bandura

Who proposed observational learning?

Instincts

Innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events such as aging and the change of seasons are known as

after a conditioned response was extinguished

Spontaneous recovery occurs

salivation at the sight of food

Example of an unconditioned response

The presence of a stimulus generalization

Four-year-old Emery was taken to the doctor for his immunization shot. Unfortunately, he learned to associate the painful shot with the long white coat of the doctor. Now he is afraid of the butcher (who wears a long white coat) and the druggist (who wears a long white coat). This is an example of what?

negative reinforcement

What is NOT an important feature of classical conditioning?

Punishment; reinforcement (Negative or positive)

In operant conditioning ___________ weakens a response while ___________ increases a response

primary reinforcer

Food, water, or other consequence that satisfies a basic need.

escaping from or avoiding something aversive

Example of negative reinforcement

continuous reinforcement

Sylvia is given a quarter every time she makes her bed in the morning. What type of reinforcement would she be receiving?

voluntary behavior

usually does not get conditioned in classical conditioning?

a hot dog

involved in the Garcia effect

ringing the bell, but giving no food and the dog will stop salivating

Example of extinction in classical conditioning

conditioned stimulus

what does a former neutral stimulus get when paired in higher order conditioning?

Reflexes

a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment

Instincts

innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events

Learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience

Associative Learning

occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Pavlov

experiments with classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

process by which we learn to associate stimuli and anticipate events

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a reflective response in an organism

unconditioned response

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

neutral stimulus

does not naturally elicit a response

conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

the behavior caused by a conditioned stimulus

higher-order conditioning

pairing a new neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus (squeaking cabinet with cats)

acquisition

the initial period of learning in classical conditioning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

extinction

decrease in a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

stimulus generalization

conditioned response to stimuli similar to the condition stimulus

John B. Watson

founder of behaviorism, did the experiments with Baby Albert

Operant conditioning

organisms learn to associate a behavior and it's consequence

B. F. Skinner

believed that we are motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements or punishments

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

positive reinforcement

a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior

negative reinforcement

undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior (ex. seat belt beeping until you put it on)

punishment

always decreases a behavior

positive punishment

add undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior (reprimand added to decrease behavior)

negative punishment

remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

Shaping

rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior (rewarding the steps)

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (water, food, sleep, etc)

secondary reinforcer

no inherent value and only works in conjunction with a primary reinforcer (ex. money - only worth something to buy other things)

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior

fixed interval

reward after a certain amount of time

variable interval

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

variable ratio

schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement

Radical Behaviorism

Watson and Skinner - behavior is important, not cognition

Tolman

organisms can learn without immediate reinforcement, suggesting cognitive aspect of learning

cognitive map

mental picture of the maze

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Laura Carlson

what we place in our cognitive map can impact our success in navigating our environment

observational learning

learning by observing others

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

higher-order conditioning

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

radical behaviorism

staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations

reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)