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Cin
First recorded use of 'China,' dated 1555, derived from a Persian name.
Qin
Dynasty that unified China; identified with the westernmost Chinese kingdom.
Zhōngguó
Term meaning 'central country' from the Zhou Dynasty.
Cathay
Historical name for China used in Europe, possibly from 'Khitans.'
Yellow River
Also known as Huang He, 2,109 mi long, called 'The Great Sorrow.'
Yangtze River
Third-longest river globally, 2,432 mi long.
Pearl River
Also known as Zhu Jiang, 848 mi long.
Tibet
Annexed in 1950, with Mount Everest on the Sino-Nepalese border
Silk Road
Trade route leading to extensive trading, boosting China's ancient economy.
Buddhism
Religious influence in China.
Confucianism
Code of social conduct and philosophy of life in China.
Taoism
Doctrine of universal love, offering solutions to social disorder.
Feng Shui
Belief in forces affecting energy flow in spaces.
Tai Chi
Practice advocating balance through movement.
Yin and Yang
Chinese concept of opposing but complementary forces in nature.
Lo Shu Magic Square
Pattern where numbers in every row add up to 15, symbolizing the natural order.
Dynasties
Ruled China under one family, with emperors based on the Confucian model.
Qin Dynasty
First Chinese empire, standardized language, and built the Great Wall.
Han Dynasty
Golden Age of China, expanded territory and embraced Confucianism.
Sui Dynasty
Ruled from 581-618 A.D., known for public works projects.
Tang Dynasty
618-907 A.D., one of China's longest-enduring empires.
Wu Chao
Only female empress in Ancient China
Golden Age
Return to prosperity in Ancient China
Five Dynasties
Period from 907-960 A.D. in Ancient China
Foot binding
Practice that began in Ancient China during the Five Dynasties
Neo-Confucianism
Philosophical development during the Northern and Southern Song Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
Ruled by the Mongols from 1206-1368 A.D.
Ming Dynasty
Last Chinese dynasty ruled by ethnic Hans
Qing Dynasty
Last imperial dynasty of China from 1644-1911
Taiping Rebellion
Rebellion in China from 1850-1864
Boxer Rebellion
Anti-foreign movement in China in the early 20th century
Xinhai Revolution
Revolution that ended the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China
Bilateral symmetry
Balance concept applied in Ancient Chinese architecture
Enclosure
Architectural concept of enclosing open spaces within buildings
Sky well
Enclosed courtyard with openings to the sky in Chinese architecture
Hierarchy
Importance and placement of buildings within a site in Ancient Chinese architecture
Imperial Palaces
Symmetrical structures for emperors in Ancient China
Mandarin residence
Residence for bureaucrats in Ancient China
Wealthy businessmen
Housing for the wealthy in Ancient China
Ordinary people
Simple houses for commoners in Ancient China
Horizontal Emphasis
Architectural focus on breadth over height in Ancient Chinese buildings
Forbidden City
Imperial palace complex in Beijing, China
Feng shui
Use of geomancy in organizing construction and layout in Chinese architecture
Axial City
City layout influenced by Confucianism in Ancient China
Square plan
City streets laid out in a checkerboard grid
Wall enclosure
City's surrounding protective barrier
Harmony
Confucian concept of deference and happiness
Classical Chinese house
Structure with halls for different generations
Surrounding wall
Provides privacy, security, and limited access
Ting (Hall)
Formal room for treating important guests
Tang (Living room)
Space for family meetings
L'ou (Apartment)
Living space with scenic advantages
Ting (Pavilion)
Area designated for relaxation
Axis
Controls layout and serves as a path
Alternating interior and exterior spaces
Spatial sequence of solids and voids
Modular system
Jian units forming a Chinese courtyard house
Exposed structure
Aesthetic of wood with visible structure
Ancient Chinese architecture
Mainly timberwork with flexible buildings
Layout symmetry
Central axis focus with unique courtyard views
Residential architecture
Includes cave, cliff, and pit dwellings
Sloping roof
Fixed structure supported by pillars
Terrace
Living space extension formed by timber frame
Wooden framing systems
Tailiang and chuandou for roof support
Hutong
Narrow street or alley in northern Chinese cities
Siheyuan
Traditional courtyard residences
Tulou
Large fortified earth building for communities
Decorative roofs
Elaborate structures for important buildings
Timber jointing systems
Elaborate wooden coffers and jointing techniques
Roof components
Various parts including covering and ridge decorations
Hip roof
A type of roof with slopes on all four sides that meet at the top to form a ridge
Resting Hill Roof
A type of roof with a diagonal ridge starting from the eaves gable board below the vertical ridge and ending in entangled animal heads
Hanging Hill Roof
A type of roof with a vertical ridge that is not the positive ridge
Hard Hill Roof
A type of roof with a vertical ridge that is not the positive ridge
Roof covering
The surface of the roof between the top and the eaves
Edging Finishing
The part of the roof near the eaves, often with a different color from the upper part
Full-face Ridge
The ridge at the highest point of a building roof formed by the intersection of the front and back slopes
Full-face Ridge Decoration
Various decorations set on the roof ridge, such as roof crown and different decoration carvings
Vertical Ridge
For certain roof types, any ridge other than the positive ridge is called a vertical ridge
Diagonal Ridge
In Resting Hill Roofs, a ridge starting from the eaves gable board below the vertical ridge and ending in entangled animal heads
Eaves
The part of the roof that protrudes beyond the truss
Ridge Beast
A protruding beast head fixed on the lower corner end of the eaves to protect the beam head from rain
Baoding
Roof crown
Shanhua
Triangular wall formed on both sides of the Resting Hill Roof
Dougong
A structural element of interlocking wooden brackets in traditional Chinese architecture
Grottoes
Cave-like spaces in Buddhist architecture for meditation and worship
Yungang Grottoes
Buddhist grottoes in Datong of Shanxi Province with 50,000 statues surviving in 52 caves
Longmen Grotto
Also known as Dragon's Gate Grottos, located in the Northern Wei capital of Luoyang
Temples
Structures resembling Indian temples with open courts, porticos, and various halls for different purposes
Buddhist Temples
Temples following the imperial style with green roof tiles and strict symmetry
Taoist Temples
Temples with slightly less grand architecture, usually with the main hall at the front
Qingyang Palace
A palace from the Zhou Dynasty
Fayuan Temple
A temple in Beijing with various halls and structures
Foguang Temple
Temple known as the 'Temple of Buddha's Light' with preserved timber structures and pagodas
Longxing Temple
Temple with various halls and pavilions dedicated to different deities
Pagodas
Originally attached to monasteries to preserve relics, now symbolizing victory and prestige
Pailou
Ceremonial entrances or archways to temples, tombs, or streets, often erected in memory of virtuous people
Dian
A large single building in traditional Chinese architecture, often referred to as Dadian or grand hall
Ornamental Pillars
Huabiao pillars often seen in palaces and imperial gardens as decorative elements
Gardens
Classified into imperial, private, monastic, and scenic resort gardens, incorporating rocks, water, buildings, and plants
Imperial Architecture
Includes altars, temples, and gardens for worshiping, commemorating, and offering sacrifices
