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Estates General
A representative assembly of the three estates (clergy, nobles, and commoners) in France, called by Louis XVI in 1789.
Cahiers de doléances
Grievance notebooks compiled by the representatives of the Estates General, which outlined the problems and demands of the people.
Tennis Court Oath
A vow taken by the representatives of the Third Estate in June 1789, pledging to write a new constitution for France.
Storming of the Bastille
The attack on the Bastille prison in Paris on July 14, 1789, by a Parisian crowd, marking the beginning of the French Revolution.
Great Fear
A period of peasant uprisings and attacks on symbols of feudalism in the French countryside in the summer of 1789.
March to Versailles
A protest by Parisian market-women in October 1789, demanding bread and forcing the royal family to relocate from Versailles to Paris.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
A document adopted by the National Assembly in 1789, proclaiming the universal rights of individuals and the principles of the French Revolution.
Constitutional monarchy
A form of government in which a monarch's powers are limited by a constitution.
Committee of Public Safety
A governing body established during the radical phase of the French Revolution, responsible for ruling by decree and maintaining public safety.
Reign of Terror
A period of mass executions and political repression during the radical phase of the French Revolution, led by the Committee of Public Safety.
Jacobins
Members of a political club during the French Revolution, known for their radical views and support for the republic.
Civic virtue
The idea of citizens actively participating in the affairs of the state and prioritizing the common good over personal interests.
Total War
A strategy employed by the revolutionary government of France, involving the mobilization of all available resources and the use of violence against both internal and external enemies.
Separate spheres
The division of society into distinct roles and responsibilities for men and women, with men in the public sphere and women in the domestic sphere.
Guillotine
A device used for beheading during the French Revolution, often associated with the executions of political enemies.1. Reign of Terror:A period during the French Revolution characterized by mass executions and political repression.
Festival of the Supreme Being
A deist cult of civic religion planned by Robespierre during the Reign of Terror.
Thermidorian Reaction
The overthrow of Robespierre and the radical Jacobins on July 27, 1794, marking the end of the Reign of Terror.
The Directory
The government that ruled France from 1795 to 1799, characterized by a new constitution with checks and balances.
Consulate
The government that replaced the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon Bonaparte as one of the three Consuls.
Napoleonic Empire
The period from 1804 to 1815 when Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself Emperor of France and expanded French influence in Europe.
Levée en masse
A conscript army of "citizen-soldiers" driven by patriotic ideals, introduced by Napoleon.
