Unit-5.Chapter-1.Energy-Transformations.ATP-ADP-Cycle

What is metabolism?

The sum of all chemical processes that maintain the living state of an organism.

What are the two main types of metabolism?

Catabolism and Anabolism.

What is catabolism?

The process of breaking down complex substances into simpler ones.

What is anabolism?

The process of building up simple substances into complex ones.

What is the role of metabolic pathways?

They are sequences in the cell where metabolic reactions occur to convert a starting material into an end product.

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

It is responsible for generating most of the energy for a cell.

What are the four parts of the mitochondrion's structure?

Outer membrane, inner membrane, matrix, and intermembrane space.

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

The energy currency used throughout the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes.

How is ATP manufactured?

During processes such as fermentation, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis.

What is the ATP-ADP cycle?

A bond-breaking and bond-making cycle that involves conversion of ATP to ADP.

What is the role of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)?

A coenzyme required in numerous metabolic redox reactions.

What is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)?

A coenzyme similar to FAD, involved in redox reactions, and containing a B vitamin component.

What happens during the digestion stage of biochemical energy production?

It involves the breakdown of macromolecules beginning in the mouth and completed in the small intestine.

What is the purpose of acetyl group formation?

To attach an acetyl group to CoA to form acetyl CoA.

What occurs during the citric acid cycle?

The oxidation of acetyl groups to form carbon dioxide and energy, producing NADH and FADH2.

What happens in the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation stage?

Production of ATP molecules and conversion of molecular oxygen to water.