Honors Spanish 2 Exam Review

Present Tense Regular Verbs (-ar)

I - o, You - as, He/She/You (formal) - a, We - amos, You (plural, Spain) - áis, They/You (formal, plural) - an

Present Tense Regular Verbs (-er)

I - o, You - es, He/She/You (formal) - e, We - emos, You (plural, Spain) - éis, They/You (formal, plural) - en

Present Tense Regular Verbs (-ir)

I - o, You - es, He/She/You (formal) - e, We - imos, You (plural, Spain) - ís, They/You (formal, plural) - en

Present Progressive

Describes an action happening right now, like saying "-ing" in English (e.g., I am eating).

Present Progressive Formation

estar (conjugated) + present participle (the '-ing' part of the verb)

Present Participle Formation (-ar verbs)

To form the present participle of -ar verbs, drop the -ar and add -ando (e.g., hablar -> hablando).

Present Participle Formation (-er/-ir verbs)

To form the present participle of -er and -ir verbs, drop the -er or -ir and add -iendo (e.g., comer -> comiendo, vivir -> viviendo).

Reflexive Verbs

Verbs where the action reflects back on the subject. You use these verbs when you do something to yourself (e.g., I wash myself).

Reflexive Pronouns

me (myself), te (yourself), se (himself, herself, yourself formal), nos (ourselves), os (yourselves plural), se (themselves, yourselves formal)

Saber

To know facts, information, or a skill (e.g., I know how to swim; I know his phone number).

Conocer

To know people, places, or things (e.g., I know Paris; I know your brother).

Direct Object Pronouns

Pronouns that receive the action of the verb. They replace the direct object to avoid repetition (e.g., I see it. 'It' is the direct object).

Ser

To be, used for: Date, Origin, Characteristics, Time, Occupation, Relationship.

Estar

To be, used for: Position, Location, Action, Condition, Emotion.

Preterite -ar verbs

I - é, You - aste, He/She/You (formal) - ó, We - amos, You (plural, Spain) - asteis, They/You (formal, plural) - aron

Preterite -er and -ir verbs

I - í, You - iste, He/She/You (formal) - ió, We - imos, You (plural, Spain) - isteis, They/You (formal, plural) - ieron

Preterite -CAR, -GAR, -ZAR verbs

Verbs that end in -car, -gar, -zar change their spelling only in the 'yo' (I) form in the preterite to maintain the original sound (e.g., buscar -> busqué).

Irregular Preterite Endings

e, iste, o, imos, isteis, ieron

E:I, O:U stem changes in preterite

Stem changes (e.g., e:i and o:u) only happen in the third person singular (él/ella/usted) and third person plural (ellos/ellas/ustedes) forms in the preterite.

Verbs similar to gustar

These verbs use indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les) to indicate who is pleased or affected by something (e.g., gustar, encantar, interesar