MT Ch 8: Clinical Tests and Procedures

pap test/pap smear

microscopic examination of cells removed from vagina and cervix

pregnancy test

blood or urine test to detect presence of hCG

hysterosalpingography HSG

xray imaging of uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material

evaluates tubal patency and uterine cavity abnormalities

mammography

x ray imaging of breast

women advised to have baseline mammogram at 40-44 years

most recent method is digital tomosynthesis

breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI

technologies using sound waves and a magnetic field to create images of breast tissue

confirm presence of mass

distinguish between solid and cystic mass

pelvic ultrasonography

recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in pelvic region

evaluate fetal size and anatomy

evaluate fetal and placental position

diagnose uterine tumors and other pelvic masses

transvaginal ultrasound

allows a closer sharper look at organs within pelvis

cauterization

destruction of tissue by burning

treats cervical dysplasia or cervical erosion

loop electrocautery excision procedure LEEP

further assesses and treats abnormal cervical tissue after cauterization

colposcopy

visual examination of vagina and cervix using a colposcope

colposcope

lighted magnifying instrument resembling a small mounted pair of binoculars

conization

removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of cervix

physician resects tissue using a LEEP, carbon dioxide laser or surgical knife

cryosurgery

use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue

aka cryocauterization

dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C)

widening cervix and scraping off endometrial lining of uterus

curette used to sample uterine lining

exenteration

removal of internal organs within a cavity

pelvic exenteration

extensive surgery with removal of organs and adjacent structures of pelvis

fine needle aspiration FNA

withdrawal of fluid or tissue from a cyst or solid mass by suction with a needle

evaluate lumps of breast

laparoscopy

visual examination of abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope)

form of minimally invasive surgery MIS

inspection and removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes

diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis

removal of fibroids

subtotal and total hysterectomies

morcellation

cutting up uterine tissue in abdomen

performed when uterus or fibroids are removed laparoscopically

robotic surgery (robotic-assisted surgery) RAS

performed by surgeon using a computer to manipulate robotic arms

tubal ligation

blocking fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring

sterilization procedure

abortion AB

termination of pregnancy

spontaneous- pregnancy loss or miscarriage

induced- therapeutic or elective

therapeutic- health of mother is endangered

elective- performed at request of woman

amniocentesis

needle puncture of amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis

cesarean section

surgical incision of abdominal wall and uterus to deliver fetus

cephalopelvic disproportion

abruptio placentae or placenta previa

fetal distress (fetal hypoxia)

breech or shoulder presentation

from law during time of Julius Caesar requiring removal of fetus before a deceased pregnant woman could be buried

chorionic villus sampling CVS

sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis

fetal monitoring

recording of fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and progress of labor

in vitro fertilization IVF

egg and sperm cells are combined outside body in a lab dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization

intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI

direct injection of sperm into harvested ova

30-50% of all IVF procedures are associated with this