plants and humans final exam

Carbon dioxide removal methods

1) Photosynthesis

2) Carbon capture and storage

What are alternative energy sources to combat climate change?

Solar, hydroelectric, wind, nuclear

How can individuals use less energy to combat climate change?

By eating locally grown food

What is a type of biofuel used to combat climate change?

Ethanol from corn

What are green building techniques?

Methods that improve energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings

What are the three R’s

Reduce, reuse, recycle

Hydroelectric power

Power generated from moving water EX. Dams

Ways agriculture has changed our planet

Dried fields, dustbowl/erosion, requires much water, deforestation, domestication, greenhouse gases (machinery), herbicides and pesticides

Wht is the goal of agriculture?

To feed, clothe, and provide for all of the people of the world.

when was the development of agriculture

10,000-12,000 years ago

What is prehistoric agriculture?

Agriculture practiced before the development of writing systems

What were some of the earliest grown crops?

Barley, wheat, maize, rice, and legumes

Effects of early agriculture

1. Development of cities

2. Writing systems

3. Development of science and math

4. War

5. Expeditions

Types of modern agriculture

1. traditional farms

2. tree farms

3. orchard

4. ranches

5. forestry

6. hydroponic farms

7. organic farming

8. conventional farming

What is hydroponic farming

Vegetables are grown indoors year-round, under regulated temperatures and light in nutrient-enriched water. (Soilless)

Benefits and disadvantages of organic farming

Benefits: no synthetic chemicals are used it is healthier for the environment and for humans

Disadvantages: Cost

Benefits and disadvantages of conventional farming

Benefits: less expensive

Disadvantages: uses synthetic chemicals. More harmful to the planet and humans

What is the difference between conventional farming and organic farming?

Conventional farming: Uses synthetic chemicals

Organic farming: Uses No synthetic chemicals

Agricultural Process

1. Preparing the land

2. tending to crops

3. Harvesting the crops

4. Caring for the land in between seasons

When harvesting crops that are grown in the ground (root) what method of collection do you use?

Digging machine

Plant EX. potato

When harvesting crops that are dry and hard at maturity, what method of collecting would you use?

Combine

Plant EX. wheat

When harvesting crops that are soft to the touch what collection method would you use?

Hand picking

Plant EX. Strawberries

When harvesting crops that are not dry enough at maturity what collection method would you use?

Mowing

Plant EX. Alfalfa

What is. acover crop?

Crops that are planted to protect or improve the soil (when caring for the land between growing season)

Domestication

the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans

form of artificial selection

develop new varieties form wild relatives

Genetically modifies organisms (GMOs)

Organisms with DNA that has been genetically changed using DNA technology

Transgenic organisms

Organism that contains genes/DNA from different species

What are some concerns about GMOs?

Unknown long-term effects

Interferes with “natural” processes

Health effects to humans

reputation of agricultural companies

What is plant breeding?

Selecting for the traits that we desire in a plant

Plant im provements done by plant breeding

Size

Taste

Color

Texture

Rate of growth

Water needs

Life span

Higher yields

What are some ways to minimize effects of agriculture?

use organic farming

plant diversity (avoid monoculture)

use less space

use renewable/alternative energy sources

plant native species

use as much of the plant as possible

soil health prevents erosion

What are monocultures?

Producing or growing a single crop or plant species over a wide area, for large number of consecutive years

What are some ways to prevent erosion caused from crops?

Chemical use (pesticides, herbicide, fertilizers)

Use slow release fertilizers

plant a cover crop

What are land reclamation projects?

The process of creating land either by removing water from muddy areas or raising the level of the land

Examples of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides ( glucose and fructose), disaccharides (sucrose), polysaccharides (starch and glycogen)

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

not able to be digested by humans (fiber)

The grass family

oats, rye, wheat, sorghum, millet, barley, corn, rice

What is gluten?

A protein found in wheat that gives structure to baked products (chewiness and elasticity)

What are the 2 types of domesticated wheat?

Durum wheat - pasta

Bread wheat - baked goods

What are the two types of domesticated rice and where do they come from?

Oryza Sativa - China

Oryza Glaberrima - West Africa

Rye

crackers and breads

grown in areas too cold for wheat to grow

can be used as a cover crop

What are some uses for corn?

Popcorn, corn , fluor, corn, oil, bio, fuel, and livestock feed

T or F human involvement is required to grow modern corn

True

What is starch?

Storage form of glucose in plants

Potatoes (starch)

tubers (underground shoot tissue)

“eyes” (buds/meritems)

domesticated in SOuth America around 11,000 BC

When was the Irish potato famine and what caused it?

1843-1844

Caused by a fungus (lack of crop diversity)

Yams

domesticated in Africa

dark yellow to light pink

used in more savory dishes

sweet potatoes

high amounts of beta carotene

domesticated in south america

range of colors (orange most common)

used in sweeter dishes

are yams or sweet potatoes sweeter?

Sweet potatoes are sweeter. Yams have only 10% of the sugar found in sweet potatoes.

Three plants sugar comes from

sugarcane (10ft in height)

sugar beets

honey (very concentrated and does not spoil)

Soybean seds are ___ protein, ___ oil

40% protein, 20% oil

Plants that contain protein are

The legume family

soybean edamame soy flour tofu soymilk

Peanuts

Chich peas (Garbanzo beans)

Beans, Peas

ALfalfa (food for animals/cattle)

oils and fats

Beans, coconuts, avocados, peanuts, almonds, walnuts

Flavored oils and non-flavored oils

Fat soluble vitamins are

A, D, E, K

Water soluble vitamins

B and C

What vitamin is apart of the citrus family?

Vitamin C

What fruits are apart of the Rose Family?

Anthocyanins (apples, peaches, blackberries)

Antioxidants

Organic molecules that help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals

What veggies are apart of the Potato family?

Tomatoes, chili peppers, eggplants

What veggies are apart of the Cucurbit family?

Butternut squash, pumpkins

What kind of vegetables are apart of the Cabbage family?

Dark, green, leafy vegetables

What vegetables are apart of the Carrot family?

Carrots, celery, dill, cumin, and cilantro

What are some consequences of agriculture?

1. Food was made more reliable
2. Made food more boring

Herbs vs Spices

Herbs- come from leaves

Spices- come from roots, bark, stem, seeds

Terpenes

Volatile molecules, often the first thing we smell and are typically added at the end of cooking

Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)

rubbing alcohol

methanol (methyl alcohol)

wood alcohol

Beer

a. Fermented starchy grains (barley, wheat, rice)

b. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

c. Hops Humulus lupus

Sake

a. Fermented rice

b. Yeast Aspergillus oryzae

c. 20-22% ethanol content

d. Served hot

Found in Japanese restaurants

What are wines?

Fermented fruit juices, primarily made from grapes (Vitis vinifera)

What is the basic process of making wine?

Harvest grapes, crush, and age

How does climate influence wine flavor?

The number of sunny days to cloudy days, rainfall, and soil chemistry can affect the wine's flavor

Spirits

a. Highest alcoholic content
b. Type of spirit depends on what is fermented
c. Rum, tequila, whiskeys, vodka

What plants are apart of the Mint Family?

Basil, oregano, and rosemary

What plants are apart of the Mustard Family?

Horseradish and wasabi

What plant is apart of the Ginger Family?

Turmeric cardamon

Vanilla planifolia

Part of the Vanilla Family, native to Mexico (tropical, rainy area)

Capsicum (peppers)

Bell peppers, jalapeño peppers, chili peppers
Tropical Americas -> Habanero, ghost pepper, Carolina Reaper

What gives peppers their burning sensation?

Capsaicin

Cinnamon is native to ____ and has a ____, ____ flavor

Sri Lanka; soft, subtle flavor

Stimulating Beverages

Coffee, tea, colas, & energy drinks

What are the 4 main types of tea?

1. Black tea- 90% of teas in US
2. White tea- buds, flowers, trichomes
3. Oolong tea- somewhat fermented
4. Green tea- least processed

Scientific name for tea

Camellia sinensis

Scientific name for coffee

Coffea arabica

Coffee

- coffee beans are processed (roasting, grinding)
- native to Ethiopian Highlands (tropical area)
-Bear fruit 3-5 years old

Where is the kola nut native to?

West Africa.

What are the origins of the name 'Coca-Cola'?

Coca-Cola is named after the coca leaf and the kola nut.

What source of caffeine does today's Coca-Cola use?

Decaffeinated coffee.

Depressing Beverages

1. Beer
2. Sake
3. Wines
4. Spirits

Psychoactive Plants

1. Tobacco
2. Marijuana
3. Opium poppy
4. Peyote

Tobacco comes from the leaves of

nicotiana tabacum

Nicotine poisoning is also known as

Green Tabacco sickness

What is a key chemical found in tobacco that acts as an insect repellant?

Nicotine

What does nicotine bind to in the body?

Receptors in the central nervous system

What unethical practice is often associated with tobacco production?

Child labor

What environmental issue is linked to tobacco farming?

Deforestation

How does tobacco farming affect soil health?

It is difficult on the soil

Marijuana comes from the resin of

Cannabis sativa

What are the two types of marijuana plants?

Separate male plant and separate female plant

What does THC stand for?

Tetrahydrocannabinol