Gross Anatomy Exam 1 OIAN

What is the origin of the Gracilis?

Pubis and Ischium

• External surface of pubis

• Inferior pubic ramus

• Ramus of ischium

What is the insertion of the Gracilis?

Tibia

• Medial surface of proximal tibia (pes anserine

What is the function of the Gracilis?

• ADducts hip

• Flexes knee

What nerve innervates the Gracilis?

Obturator nerve (L2, L3)

What is the origin of the Adductor Longus?

Pubis

• External surface of pubis

What is the insertion of the Adductor Longus?

Femur

• Middle 1/3 of linea aspera of femur

What is the function of the Adductor Longus?

• ADduct hip

• Medial rotation of hip

What nerve innervates the Adductor Longus?

Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

What is the origin of the Adductor Brevis?

Pubis

• External surface of pubis

• Inferior pubic ramus

What is the insertion of the Adductor Brevis?

Femur

• Posterior surface of femur

• Upper 1/3 of linea aspera

What is the function of the Adductor Brevis?

• ADducts hip

• Medially rotates the hip

What nerve innervates the Adductor Brevis?

Obturator nerve (L2, L3)

What is the origin of the Adductor Magnus?

• Adductor part: Ischiopubic ramus

• Hamstring part: Ischial tuberosity

What is the insertion of the Adductor Magnus?

• Adductor part: Femur (posterior surface, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line)

• Hamstring part: Adductor tubercle and Supracondylar line

What is the function of the Adductor Magnus?

• ADducts hip

• Medially rotates hip

What nerve innervates the Adductor Magnus?

• Adductor part: Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

• Hamstring part: Sciatic nerve - Tibial division (L2, L3, L4)

What is the origin of the Gluteus Maximus?

Ilium, Sacrum, Coccyx

• External surface of Ilium behind posterior gluteal line

• Dorsal surface of lower sacrum

• Lateral margin of coccyx

• External surface of sacrotuberous ligament

• Fascia of erector spinae

• Fascia of gluteus medius

What is the insertion of the Gluteus Maximus?

Femur

• Gluteal tuberosity of proximal femur

• Iliotibial tract of fascia lata

What is the function of the Gluteus Maximus?

• Extends flexed thigh at the hip

• Stabilizes the knee and hip joints

• Laterally rotates thigh

• ABducts thigh

What nerve innervates the Gluteus Maximus?

Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

What is the origin of the Gluteus Medius?

Ilium

• External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal line

What is the insertion of the Gluteus Medius?

Femur

• Elongate facet on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter

What is the function of the Gluteus Medius?

• ABduct hip

• Medially rotates hip

• Holds pelvis secure over stance leg and prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking

What nerve innervates the Gluteus Medius?

Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

What is the origin of the Gluteus Minimus?

Ilium

• External surface of upper ilium between inferior and anterior gluteal line

What is the insertion of the Gluteus Minimus?

Femur

• Linear facet on anterolateral aspect of greater trochanter

What is the function of the Gluteus Minimus?

• ABduct hip

• Medially rotates hip

• Holds pelvis secure over stance leg and prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking

What nerve innervates the Gluteus Minimus?

Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

What is the origin of the Piriformis?

Sacrum

• Anterior surface of sacrum between anterior sacral foramina

What is the insertion of the Piriformis?

Femur

• Medial side of superior border of greater trochanter of femur

What is the function of the Piriformis?

• Externally rotates the hip (when hip is extended)

• ABducts the hip (when hip is fixed)

What nerve innervates the Piriformis?

Anterior rami of S1 and S2 (Nerve to piriformis)

What is the origin of the Obturator Internus?

Pelvis

• Medial surface of obturator membrane and adjacent bone of obturator foramen

What is the insertion of the Obturator Internus?

Femur

• Greater trochanter of femur

What is the function of the Obturator Internus?

• Laterally rotates hip

• ABducts hip

What nerve innervates the Obturator Internus?

Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

What is the origin of the Gemellus Superior?

Ischium

• Gluteal surface of ischial spine

What is the insertion of the Gemellus Superior?

Femur

• Along length of superior surface of the obturator internus tendon

• Into the medial side of greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

What is the function of the Gemellus Superior?

• Laterally rotates the hip

• ABducts the hip

What nerve innervates the Gemellus Superior?

Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

What is the origin of the Gemellus Inferior?

Ischium

• Upper gluteal and pelvic surfaces of the ischial tuberosity

What is the insertion of the Gemellus Inferior?

Femur

• Along length of inferior surface of the obturator internus tendon

• Into the medial side of greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

What is the function of the Gemellus Inferior?

• Laterally rotates the hip

• ABducts the hip

What nerve innervates the Gemellus Inferior?

Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

What is the origin of the Quadratus Femoris?

Ischium

• Lateral aspect of the ischium just anterior to the ischial tuberosity

What is the insertion of the Quadratus Femoris?

Femur

• Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the proximal femur

What is the function of the Quadratus Femoris?

• Laterally rotates the hip

What nerve innervates the Quadratus Femoris?

Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

What is the origin of the Obturator Externus?

Pelvis

• External aspect of obturator membrane and adjacent bone

What is the insertion of the Obturator Externus?

Femur

• Oval depression on the lateral wall of the trochanteric fossa

What is the function of the Obturator Externus?

• Externally rotates the hip

What nerve innervates the Obturator Externus?

Obturator nerve - Posterior division (L3, L4)

What is the origin of the Biceps Femoris?

• Long head: inferomedial part of the upper area of the ischial tuberosity

• Short head: femur (lateral lip of linea aspera)

What is the insertion of the Biceps Femoris?

Fibula

• Lateral surface of head of fibula

What is the function of the Biceps Femoris?

• Flexes leg at knee joint

• Extends thigh at hip

• Laterally rotates thigh at hip and leg at knee

What nerve innervates the Biceps Femoris?

Sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

• Long head- tibial division of sciatic nerve

• Short head- common fibular division of sciatic nerve

What is the origin of the Semitendinosus?

Ischium

• Inferomedial part of the upper area of the ischial tuberosity (same as long head of biceps femoris)

What is the insertion of the Semitendinosus?

Tibia

• Medial surface of proximal tibia (pes anserine)

What is the function of the Semitendinosus?

• Flexes leg at knee

• Extends thigh at hip

• Medially/internally rotates thigh at hip and leg at knee

What nerve innervates the Semitendinosus?

Sciatic nerve - Tibial division (L5, S1, S2)

What is the origin of the Semimembranosus?

Ischium

• Superolateral impression on the ischial tuberosity

What is the insertion of the Semimembranosus?

Tibia

• Groove and adjacent bone on medial, posterior surface of medial tibial condyle

What is the function of the Semimembranosus?

• Flexes leg at knee

• Extends thigh at hip

• Medially/internally rotates thigh at hip and leg at knee

What nerve innervates the Semimembranosus?

Sciatic nerve - Tibial division (L5, S1, S2)

What is the origin of the Sartorius?

Ilium

• ASIS

• Superior portion of notch inferior to ASIS

What is the insertion of the Sartorius?

Tibia

• Superior, medial tibia (pes anserine)

• Part of medial surface by flattened aponeurosis (inferomedial to tibial tuberosity)

What are the actions of the Sartorius?

• Flex hip (thigh)

• ABduct hip

• Flex knee

• Lateral/external hip rotation

*2 Joint muscle

What nerve innervates the Sartorius?

Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

What muscles make up the Quadriceps Femoris?

1) Rectus femoris

2) Vastus lateralis

3) Vastus intermedius

4) Vastus medialis

What is the origin of the Rectus Femoris?

Ilium

• Straight head: AIIS

• Reflected head: part of the ilium just superior to acetabulum

What is the insertion of the Rectus Femoris?

• Tibial tuberosity

• Quadriceps femoris tendon

• Patella

What are the actions of the Rectus Femoris?

• Flexes the thigh at the hip 

• Extends the leg at the knee joint (same as vastus muscles)

*2 Joint muscle

What nerve innervates the Rectus Femoris?

Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

*Same for other muscles of quadriceps femoris

What is the origin of the Vastus Lateralis?

Femur

• Lateral part of intertrochanteric line

• Margin of greater trochanter

• Lateral margin of gluteal tuberosity

• Lateral lip of the linea aspera

What is the insertion of the Vastus Lateralis?

• Tibial tuberosity

• Quadriceps femoris tendon

• Patella

What are the actions of the Vastus Lateralis?

Extends the leg at the knee joint

What nerve innervates the Vastus Lateralis?

Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

What is the origin of the Vastus Medialis?

Femur

• Medial part of intertrochanteric line

• Pectineal line

• Medial lip of the linea aspera

• Medial supracondylar line

What is the insertion of the Vastus Medialis?

• Tibial tuberosity

• Quadriceps femoris tendon

• Patella

What are the actions of the Vastus Medialis?

Extends the leg at the knee joint

What nerve innervates the Vastus Medialis?

Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

What is the origin of the Vastus Intermedius?

Femur

• Upper ⅔ of anterior and lateral surfaces

What is the insertion of the Vastus Intermedius?

• Tibial tuberosity

• Quadriceps femoris tendon

• Patella

What are the actions of the Vastus Intermedius?

Extends the leg at the knee joint

What nerve innervates the Vastus Intermedius?

Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

What muscles make up the Iliopsoas?

1) Psoas Major

2) Iliacus

What is the origin of the Iliacus?

Ilium

• Upper ⅔ of iliac fossa 

• Anterior sacro-iliac and iliolumbar ligaments

• Upper lateral surface of sacrum

What is the insertion of the Iliacus?

Lesser trochanter of femur

What are the actions of the Iliacus?

Flexes thigh at the hip joint

What nerve innervates the Iliacus?

Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

What is the origin of the Psoas Major?

• Lateral surface of bodies of T12 to L5 vertebrae

• Transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

• Intervertebral discs between T12 and L1-L5 vertebrae

What is the insertion of the Psoas Major?

Lesser trochanter of femur

What are the actions of the Psoas Major?

Flexes thigh at the hip joint

What nerve innervates the Psoas Major?

Anterior rami (L1, L2, L3)

What is the origin of the Psoas Minor?

• Lateral surfaces of bodies of T12 and L1 vertebrae

• Intervening intervertebral disc

What is the insertion of the Psoas Minor?

• Pectineal line of the pelvic brim

• Iliopubic eminence

What are the actions of the Psoas Minor?

Weak flexion of lumbar vertebral column

What nerve innervates the Psoas Minor?

Anterior rami of L1

What is the origin of the Pectineus?

Pubis

• Pectineal line (pectin pubis) 

• Adjacent bone of pelvis

What is the insertion of the Pectineus?

Femur

• Oblique line extending from base of lesser trochanter to linea aspera on posterior surface