Studied by 1 person
DE Western Civ 1003
Nepotism
Who/What (it is): Nepotism refers to the practice of favoring relatives or close friends, especially in giving them jobs or opportunities.
Who/What (did it affect): Nepotism can affect various domains, including politics, business, entertainment, and even personal relationships.
When (did it occur): Nepotism has been observed throughout history and continues to occur in various societies and organizations.
Where (did it originate and spread): The origins of nepotism are difficult to pinpoint, as it has been present in different cultures and regions around the world. However, it has been particularly associated with certain countries and regions known for their dynastic or familial power structures.
How (did it begin): Nepotism often begins when individuals in positions of power or influence use their authority to grant preferential treatment to their relatives or close associates, bypassing merit-based selection processes.
Why (is it significant): Nepotism is significant because it can undermine fairness, equality, and meritocracy. It can lead to the exclusion of qualified individuals, hinder social mobility, and contribute to corruption and inefficiency in organizations. Additionally, it can erode trust and morale among those who are not beneficiaries of nepotistic practices.
Simony
the act of buying or selling positions or privileges within the Church. It affected the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. It occurred primarily between the 9th and 12th centuries. originated in Europe and spread throughout various regions where the Catholic Church had influence. It began as a result of the desire for wealth and power within the Church. is significant because it undermined the integrity and moral authority of the Church, leading to corruption and a decline in religious devotion.
Erasmus
Who/What: a Dutch Renaissance humanist, theologian, and scholar.
Who/What did it affect: his ideas and works had a significant impact on the intellectual and religious landscape of Europe during the Renaissance. His writings influenced scholars, theologians, and even political leaders.
When did it occur: lived from 1466 to 1536, primarily during the 16th century.
Where did it originate and spread: was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, and his ideas spread throughout Europe, particularly in countries like Germany, France, and England.
How did it begin: ______ intellectual journey began with his studies in monastic life and theology. He later became critical of the Catholic Church and advocated for reform through his writings and translations of biblical texts.
Why is it significant: ideas and works played a crucial role in the development of humanism, the Reformation, and the spread of Renaissance ideals. His emphasis on the importance of education, critical thinking, and the study of classical texts laid the foundation for intellectual and religious reforms in Europe.
Sacraments
Sacraments
Who/What (it is): ______ are religious rituals or ceremonies that are considered sacred in various Christian denominations.
Who/What (did it affect): _______ affect individuals who participate in them and are considered important in the religious lives of Christians.
When (did it occur): The practice of originated in the early Christian Church and continues to be observed to this day.
Where (did it originate and spread): _______ originated in the context of the early Christian Church and have since spread and been practiced in various Christian denominations worldwide.
How (did it begin): The practice of _____ began with Jesus Christ and his disciples, who established rituals such as baptism and the Eucharist.
Why (is it significant): _____ are significant because they are believed to be channels of God's grace and are considered essential for spiritual growth and salvation in many Christian traditions. They provide a tangible way for believers to experience and express their faith.
Martin Luther
Who/What: a German theologian, professor, and key figure in the Protestant Reformation.
Who/What did it affect: ______ ‘s actions and teachings had a significant impact on the Catholic Church, European society, and the course of Western history.
When did it occur: The Protestant Reformation, sparked by ______, began in the early 16th century. Luther's most famous act, the posting of his Ninety-Five Theses, took place on October 31, 1517.
Where did it originate and spread: ______ ideas originated in Germany and quickly spread throughout Europe, particularly in German-speaking regions.
How did it begin: The Protestant Reformation began with ______ critique of the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences. He expressed his concerns in his Ninety-Five Theses, which he posted on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg.
Why is it significant: _____ actions and teachings challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of Protestantism as a separate branch of Christianity. His emphasis on individual faith, the Bible as the ultimate authority, and the priesthood of all believers had a profound impact on religious, social, and political developments in Europe.
Johannes Tetzel
Who/What (it is):______ was a German Dominican friar and preacher during the 16th century.
Who/What (did it affect): ____’s preaching and activities primarily affected the Catholic Church and its followers, particularly in Germany.
When (did it occur): ______'s activities took place during the early 16th century, specifically between 1517 and 1519.
Where (did it originate and spread): ______’s preaching originated in Germany and spread throughout various regions in Europe, particularly in areas where the Catholic Church had a strong presence.
How (did it begin): _____'s activities began as part of the Catholic Church's efforts to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. He was authorized to sell indulgences, which were certificates believed to reduce the time a person spent in purgatory.
Why (is it significant): _____’s activities and the sale of indulgences became one of the triggers for the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther, a contemporary of _____’s, strongly opposed the sale of indulgences and criticized ____’s methods. This led to Luther's famous Ninety-Five Theses, which challenged the Catholic Church's teachings and practices, ultimately leading to the division of Christianity into Protestant and Catholic branches.
Indulgences
Who/What (it is): ____ were a practice in the Catholic Church where individuals could obtain remission of temporal punishment for their sins.
Who/What (did it affect): _____ affected the believers and followers of the Catholic Church during the medieval period.
When (did it occur): The practice of ___ became widespread during the late Middle Ages, particularly in the 14th and 15th centuries.
Where (did it originate and spread): _____ originated within the Catholic Church in Western Europe, specifically in Rome. The practice later spread throughout Europe.
How (did it begin): The practice of _____ began as a way to offer spiritual benefits to believers and to raise funds for the construction of churches and other religious projects. It involved the issuance of certificates or letters by the Church, granting the remission of punishment for sins.
Why (is it significant): ______ became significant due to their role in the Protestant Reformation. The sale of indulgences, particularly by the Church, led to criticism and opposition from reformers like Martin Luther. This opposition to the abuse of indulgences played a crucial role in sparking the Reformation and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.
Peasant's War
Who/What (it is): was a widespread uprising of peasants in Germany.
Who/What (did it affect): It affected the peasants, nobility, and the ruling authorities in Germany.
When (did it occur):r took place from 1524 to 1525.
Where (did it originate and spread): It originated in the German states, particularly in Swabia, Franconia, and Thuringia, and spread to other regions of Germany.
How (did it begin): began as a result of social, economic, and religious grievances among the peasants, including oppressive feudal conditions and the influence of Martin Luther's Reformation.
Why (is it significant): is significant because it marked one of the largest and most violent uprisings in European history, highlighting the social tensions and inequalities of the time. It also had an impact on the development of religious and political movements in Germany.
Charles V
Who/What (it is): was a powerful ruler who reigned as the Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556.
Who/What (did it affect): rule had a significant impact on Europe, particularly on the territories of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the Spanish colonies in the Americas.
When (did it occur): s reign took place during the 16th century, from 1519 to 1556.
Where (did it originate and spread): rule originated in the Holy Roman Empire, which encompassed parts of modern-day Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. His influence also extended to Spain and its vast overseas territories.
How (did it begin): ascension to power began with his election as the Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, following the death of his paternal grandfather, Maximilian I.
Why (is it significant): reign is significant due to his efforts to maintain Catholic unity in Europe, his conflicts with Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther, and his vast empire that spanned across Europe and the Americas. His rule marked a crucial period in European history, characterized by religious and political tensions, exploration, and colonization.
Ulrich Zwingli
a Swiss theologian and leader of the Protestant Reformation. He affected the religious landscape of Switzerland and had a significant impact on the spread of Protestantism. his influence was prominent during the early 16th century. He originated and spread his ideas in Zurich, Switzerland. his movement began with his preaching and reforms in the Grossmünster church. His significance lies in his role in challenging the authority of the Catholic Church, advocating for the priesthood of all believers, and promoting the use of scripture as the ultimate authority in matters of faith.
Anabaptists
Who/What (It is): were a radical Protestant group that emerged during the 16th century Reformation.
Who/What (did it affect): primarily affected the religious landscape of Europe during the Reformation.
When (did it occur): The movement emerged in the early 16th century and continued to develop throughout the Reformation period.
Where (did it originate and spread): The movement originated in Switzerland, particularly in Zurich and Zurich's neighboring regions. It later spread to other parts of Europe, including Germany, the Netherlands, and Austria.
How (did it begin): The movement began as a dissenting group within the Protestant Reformation. They believed in adult baptism and the separation of church and state, which set them apart from other Protestant groups.
Why (is it significant): The played a significant role in shaping religious and social movements during the Reformation. They advocated for religious freedom, voluntary baptism, and the idea of a church separate from the state. Their ideas influenced later religious groups and contributed to the development of religious tolerance and individual liberty.
Henry VIII
Who/What (It is): was the King of England from 1509 to 1547.
Who/What (did it affect): reign had a significant impact on England and the English monarchy.
When (did it occur): reign began in 1509 and ended in 1547.
Where (did it originate and spread): reign originated in England and his influence was primarily felt within the country.
How (did it begin): became king after the death of his father, Henry VII.
Why (is it significant): is significant for several reasons. He is known for his role in the English Reformation, where he broke away from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England. This had profound religious and political implications. Additionally, His reign saw significant changes in English society, including the dissolution of the monasteries and the centralization of power in the monarchy.
Act of Supremacy
was an English law passed in 1534. It established King Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of England, separating it from the authority of the Pope. The Act affected the entire English population, as it required individuals to recognize the King's authority over religious matters. It occurred during the reign of Henry VIII and originated in England. The Act was a response to the Pope's refusal to annul Henry VIII's marriage, allowing him to divorce and remarry. It is significant because it marked the beginning of the English Reformation and the establishment of the Church of England as a separate entity from the Roman Catholic Church.
Mary I
