Chapter 7: Land and Water Use

Sonar mapping

________, thermal sensing, and satellite navigation are just a few of the advances that have aided fishermen as fish become scarcer and harder to locate.

Clear cutting

________ is the removal of all of the trees in an area.

decomposition of organic matter

Plowing accelerates the ________ in the soil, decreasing soil fertility and releasing carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere.

Americas amount

________ is comparatively enormous- the ecological footprint of Indonesia is only 1.1 hectares per capita.

abiotic substance

Water is a(n) ________ thats renewable because it can be used over and over again and because sources of water are replenished naturally through the water cycle.

Terraces

________ are flat platforms that are cut into the hillside to provide a level planting surface; this reduces the soil runoff from the slope.

vertical tunnels

With shaft mining, ________ are built to access and then excavate minerals that are underground and otherwise unreachable.

1977

In ________, Congress passed the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA), which created one program to help coal mines manage pollutants and another to guide the reclamation of abandoned mines.

economic sense

In the ________, a fishery is the sum of all activities on a given marine resource.

Traditional subsistence agriculture

________ is currently practiced by about 42 percent of the worlds population, predominantly in developing nations.

impervious surfaces

The ________ that make up so much of a citys footprint- concrete, pavement, etc.- do not allow water to reach the soil, disrupting the natural flow of water and causing runoff, which can lead to flooding without more infrastructure to redirect flow.

negative repercussions

The ________ of clearing tropical rainforests- the losses in biodiversity, and the erosion and depletion of nutrients in the soil, and the release of carbon dioxide- seem to outweigh the economic gains in many peoples opinions.

interbasin transfer

During ________, water is transported very long distances from its source, through aqueducts or pipelines.

Earth

The extraction of a mineral from the ________ generally disrupts the ecosystem and scars the land.

today

Because of the energy expended in mining and extraction, the steel industry is responsible for much of the air pollution that exists ________.

Agriculture

________ is one of the biggest water- users of all- about 73 percent of the global demand for water is for crop irrigation.

Groundwater

________ refers to any water that comes from below the ground- that is, from wells or from aquifers, which are underground beds or layers of earth, gravel, or porous stone that hold water.

Tropical soils

________ are typically thin and poor, and whatever fertility they hold is rapidly depleted by the deforestation and subsequent farming.

Big Thompson Project

Known as the ________, 213, 000 acre- feet of water is delivered annually to the eastern slope of Colorado.

Ruin

________ is the destination toward which all [people] rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons.

small rock fragments

The ________ that result from weathering may be moved to new locations in the process of erosion, and bare soil (upon which no plants are growing) is more susceptible to erosion than soil covered by organic materials.

loss of shade

The ________ also leads to higher stream temperatures, which also affect aquatic organisms.

Surface mining

________ is the removal of large portions of soil and rock (this layer is called overburden, and it is whatever material lies above an area of scientific interest) in order to access the ore underneath.

Florida

In the late 1990s, a drought in ________ resulted in such a severe reduction in the aquifers that roads collapsed from lack of subterranean structural support.

Genetic engineers

________ discovered a way to cause plants to divert more of their photosynthetic products (called photosynthate) to grain biomass rather than plant body biomass.

Runoff matters

________, because without the normal amount of water flowing into it, soil can become salinized, and saltwater can intrude into the water table.

Perennial crops crops

________ that grow back without replanting each year- are another way to reduce the need to till (by eliminating replanting) and keep erosion at bay.

ecological footprint

A(n) ________ is used to describe the environmental impact of a population or individual person.

Green manure

________ is made by leaving plants (uprooted or simply sown) to wither and then serve as mulch: they are plowed under and incorporated into the soil before they can rot, providing valuable nutrients.

Selective cutting

________ is the removal of select trees in an area.

utilizes compost

The practice of organic agriculture, a method of farming that ________, manure, crop rotation, and non- chemical methods to enhance soil fertility and control pests.

excavation of earth

Mining is the ________ for the purpose of extracting ore or minerals.

Conservation

________ is the management or regulation of a resource so that its use does not exceed the capacity of the resource to regenerate itself.

freshwater streams

The soil is washed into ________ and rivers and makes the environment less suited for salmon.

agricultural purposes

Deforestation, or the removal of trees for ________ or purposes of exportation, is a major issue for conservationists and environmentalists.

gangue

In mining processes, waste material is called ________, and piles of gangues are called tailings.

Green Revolution

The ________, which occurred in the 1950s and 1960s, is generally thought of as the time after the Industrial Revolution when farming became mechanized and crop yields in industrialized nations boomed.

Soil Conservation Service

The ________ was a federal agency founded by Hugh Hammond Bennett.

monoculture

In a(n) ________, just one type of plant is planted in a large area.

Metallic minerals

________ are mined for their metals (for example, zinc), which can be extracted through smelting and used for various purposes.

human population

The majority of humans live in some type of community, and the largest percentage of the ________ lives in relatively large communities and urban centers.

human labor

Throughout most of history, agriculture all over the world was such that each family grew crops for itself, and families relied primarily on animal and ________ to plant and harvest crops.

Plantations

________ are ________ and managed tracts of trees of the same age (because they were ________ by humans at the same time) that are harvested for commercial use.

Nonmetallic minerals

________ are mined to be used in their natural state- nothing is extracted from them.

Organic producers

________ avoid or strictly limit the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as genetically modified organisms.

removal of plants

The ________ in an area makes the soil much more susceptible to the agents of erosion.

Riparian means

________ of, on, or relating to the banks of a natural course of flowing water, and riparian right is the right of people who have legal rights to use that area.

Green manure is made by leaving plants (uprooted or simply sown) to wither and then serve as mulch

they are plowed under and incorporated into the soil before they can rot, providing valuable nutrients

A new term was coined to recognize this shift

the Tragedy of Free Access

Here are two more terms you should know for the exam, if you dont already

a mineral deposit is an area in which a particular mineral is concentrated

Some of the reasons people in less-developed countries are moving to cities are similar to those of people in developed countries

for example, cities have more opportunities for employment

Americans have one of the largest ecological footprints

we require about 9.7 hectares per capita (per person)