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Cell
the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Unicellular Organisms
Organisms consisting of a single cell.
Multicellular Organisms
Organisms composed of multiple cells.
Plasma Membrane
Semipermeable boundary structure for cell, facilitates exchange
Cytoplasm
Semi-fluid matrix for cellular activities and main area for all cellular activites
Genetic Material
DNA containing genetic information.
Ribosomes
non-membrane bound granular structures found in all cells both eukaryotic as well as prokaryotic cell, composed of RNA and proteins.
Cell Theory
Cells are the basic units of life, all living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells. and all cells arise from pre-existing cells (Omnis cellula-e cellula)
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells with membrane-bound nuclei.
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei.
Organelles
Distinct structures within eukaryotic cells.
Mycoplasmas
Smallest known cells, 0.3 μm in length.
Ostrich Eggs
the largest isolated single cell
Plasmids
Small circular DNA in bacteria which confers certain unique phenotypic characters to such bacteria such as resistance
to antibiotics. Also used to monitor bacterial transformation with foreign DNA.
Cell Wall
Rigid outer layer in plant cells.
Division of Labour
differentiation of certain parts of the cell to carry out different functions for increased efficiency and higher survival
Mathias Scheliden
observed that all plants are composed of different kinds of cells which form the tissues of the plant.
Theodore Schwann (1839)
studied different types of animal cells and reported that cells had a thin outer layer which is today known as the plasma membrane, the presence of cell wall is a unique character of the plant cells, and proposed the hypothesis that the bodies of animals and plants are composed of cells and products of cells.
Rudolf Virchow
Proposed cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Robert Hooke
First to observe and name cells.
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
Described live cells, including bacteria.
PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms)
subtype of mycoplasma
Prokaryotic DNA
naked DNA which is not associated with histones or proteins
Murein
another name for prokaryotic cell walls due to excess muramic acid
Prokaryotic Periplasmic Space
space between the prokaryotic cell membrane and cell wall
Prokaryotic Inclusions
prokaryotic membrane-less storage found in cytoplasm
Cell Size
Varies from 0.1 μm to several μm.
Coccus
Spherical shape of bacteria.
Bacillus
Rod-like shape of bacteria.
Vibrio
Comma-shaped bacteria.
Spirillum
Spiral-shaped bacteria.
Centrioles
Non-membrane organelles aiding cell division and absent in all higher plants
Cytoplasmic Matrix
Fluid filling the cell, site of reactions.
Microscope
Instrument that magnifies small objects.
Cellular Metabolism
Chemical processes maintaining cell's living state.
Human Red Blood Cells
About 7.0 μm in diameter.
Nerve Cells
Some of the longest cells in humans.
Prokaryotic Cell Envelope
Three-layered structure: glycocalyx, cell wall, plasma membrane.
Gram Positive Bacteria
bacteria that remain the gram stain and observable as purple due to a thick layer of peptidoglycans and thick cell wall
Gram Negative Bacteria
Bacteria that do not retain the Gram stain and observable as pink due to a thin layer of peptidoglycans, thin cell wall, and contain lipopolysaccharides.
Lipopolysaccharides
main component of glycocalyx
Glycocalyx
Outermost layer of cell envelope consisting of lipopolysaccharides.
Capsular glycocalyx
type of glycocalyx which is thick and tough
slime layer glycocalyx
type of glycocalyx which is a loose sheath
Mesosomes
Invaginations of the plasma membrane into the cell in the form of vesicles, tubules, and lamallae.
Functions of Mesosomes
cell wall formation, DNA replication, distribution of DNA to
daughter cells, respiration, secretion processes, increase the surface area of the plasma membrane, and contain enzymatic content.
Chromatophores
membranous extensions into the cell wall that contain pigments vital for photosynthesis in bacteria, such as cyanobacteria.
Flagella
thin filamentous extensions from bacterial cell wall composed of the filament, hook, and basal body for motility purposes in the bacteria
Flagellar filament
the longest portion of the flagella and extends from the cell surface to the outside
Pili
prokaryotic elongated tubular structures made of a special protein and do not play a role in motility
Fimbrae
small bristle like fibers sprouting out of prokaryotic bacteria which attach to the environment and do not play a role in motility
Prokaryotic ribosomes
Made of 70S Ribosomes (50S and 30S ribosomal subunits)
Polyribosomes
Chains of ribosomes attached to a single mRNA which translate the mRNA into proteins
Inclusion Bodies
Free-floating reserve material in prokaryotic cells found in the cytoplasm. E.g. phosphate granules, cyanophycean granules, and glycogen granules.
Gas vacuoles
inclusion vacuoles found in blue green, purple, and green photosynthetic bacteria
Cell Wall (Plant Cells)
Present in plant cells, absent in animal cells.
Contents of the Human erythrocyte
composed of approx. 52% protein and 40% lipids
Fluid Mosaic Model
the plasma membrane consists of fluid phospolipids allowing for lateral movement and different proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Phospholipids
the main component of cell membrane formed by a hydrophilic "head" made up of a phosphate group attached to a glycerol molecule, and two hydrophobic "tails" made up of fatty acid chain
Functions of the Cell Membrane
Cell growth, intercellular junctions, secretion, endocytosis, and cell division
Hydrophilic head
Water-attracting part of phospholipid molecules consisting of a phosphate group.
Hydrophobic tail
Water-repelling part of phospholipid molecules consisting of a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chain
Cholestrol in the Cell Membrane
Helps in membrane stability and fluidity
Quasifluid Nature
enables lateral movement of protein within the overall bilayer for various functions
Extrinisic proteins
proteins that are loosely attachIed to the surface of a cell membrane
Intrinsic proteins
proteins that are permanently embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane
Peripheral proteins
proteins that temporarily adhere to the surface of a cell membrane and can be easily removed by changing the pH, ionic strength, or washing the membrane.
Integral proteins
proteins that are permanently attached to a biological membrane and are essential for life.
Partially buried integral protiens
proteins incompletely buried through the thickness of membrane
Totally buried integral protiens
proteins totally bired through the complete thickness of the membrane in the form of carrier proteins or tunnel proteins.
Glycolipids & Glycoprotiens
Carbohydrate bound to either a lipid or a protein; serve to identify cell as part of the body and for cell recognition. Example: fertilization
Ribosomes (Prokaryotic)
70S ribosomes associated with plasma membrane.
Vacuole
Storage organelle, larger in plant cells.
Golgi Apparatus
Organelle involved in modifying and packaging proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Phospholipid
Molecule forming the plasma membrane's bilayer.
Fluidity
Ability of membrane components to move laterally.
Unsaturated fatty acid
Fatty acid with one or more double bonds.
Saturated fatty acid
Fatty acid with no double bonds, more rigid.
Cholesterol
Steroid that stabilizes plasma membrane structure.
Fluid mosaic model
Describes membrane structure with diverse components.
Peripheral protein
Surface protein, easily separated from membrane.
Integral protein
Protein tightly bound to phospholipid bilayer.
Partially buried protein
Protein incompletely embedded in membrane thickness.
Totally buried protein
Protein fully embedded across membrane thickness.
Oligosaccharides
Short sugar chains on membrane surface.
Passive transport
diffusion of particles along a concentration gradient without the use of energy such as osmosis.
Simple Diffusion
diffusion of neutral and lipid soluble solutes such as O2 and CO2
Active transport
movement of particles against its concentration gradient with the use of energy. Na-K pumps.
Facilitated diffusion
diffusion of large polar molecules such as amino acids via carrier proteins or tunnel proteins
Endocytosis
Process of engulfing substances into the cell.
Pinocytosis
Ingestion of liquid material by plasmalemma in the form of vesicles or pinosomes
Phagocytosis
Ingestion of solid materials by membrane in the form of phagosomes (vesicles)
Exocytosis
Process of expelling materials from the cell.
Cell wall
a non-living rigid structure for the plasma membrane of Bacteria, some Protistan, Fungi, Algae and
Plants.
Algae cell wall
cell will consisting of cellulose, galactans, mannans and minerals like calcium carbonateC
cell wall structure
consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, cutin, pectin, lignin, suberin, and proteins
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