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Changing Same
Moments that could have changed the turn of history for blacks in America
Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln's 10% plan, Johnson's pardoning of confederates and rejection of black suffrage, and anti-black laws passed in the south
Radical Reconstruction
1868-1877, a period of rapid advancement in the rights and opportunities for black Americans. Includes the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, 1400 black men elected into office, public education in the south, voting qualifications abolished, and overall black americans being granted the rights of US citizens.
Redeemer Reconstruction
Southern Democrats "redeemed" the south through violence: black people in the south were gradually excluded from politics and public, segregated, and denied equal rights.
10% Plan
Lincoln's plan for readmitting southern states into the Union, issued in 1863. It required only 10% of people on the voting rolls in the confederacy to declare loyalty to the union in order to be readmitted.
Black Codes
Laws passed to restrict the freedom of black in America post-Civil war
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Everyone born in the US was a citizen, regardless of their race
Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871
Protected blacks' abilities to vote, hold office, receive legal protection, etc
Hiram Revels
Black Republican US Senator, Minister in the AME
Compromise of 1877
marked the end of Reconstruction; pulling troops out of the South that were protecting black rights
Black Reconstruction
Political, economic, educational, and social gains that the African American community made during Reconstruction
American Paradox or American Dilemma
Living under a Constitution that declares every man worthy of freedom while a large population of America is enslaved
Nadir
Term coined by Rayford Logan; The lowest of the low points for black citizens; The US government was talking back the social, economic, educational, and political gains that African Americans had made during Reconstruction
White Supremacy
The belief that whites are superior to other races; "The White Man's Burden"; regarded non-whites as primitive and in need of civilization
Spanish-American War
Filipinos began to be seen as "blackened," justifying their maltreatment; the Filipinos were viewed the same as whites viewed blacks: savage, primitive, and lacking intelligence
Jim Crow
a system of spatial and physical separation by race, ushered in by the 1883 the U.S. Supreme Court overturning of the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
Anti-miscegenation Laws
state laws passed by individual states to prohibit interracial marriage and interracial sex
Plessy v. Ferguson
The 1896 supreme court ruled that separate but equal doctrine was perfectly legal, allowed for new and more comprehensive Jim Crow laws to be passed in the south.
Ida B. Wells-Barnet
Early leader of the Civil Rights Movement, one of the founders of the NAACP, journalist, and educator. One of the most famous black women in American history.
A Red Record
Pamphlet by Ida B. Wells-Barnett, about the lynchings in America since the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863
Kitchenette Building
1963, Poem by Gwendolyn Brooks.A kitchenette was an apartment divided up into a series of small rooms which were rented out, sometimes to entire families, and were popular during the Great Depression. This poem describes how individuals felt about it and the experiences.
If We Must Die
1919, Written by Claude McKay. He wrote this poem as a response to the horrific mob attacks by White Americans on African Americans communities during the Red Summer.
Ku Klux Klan
A major white supremacist group that targeted African Americans through violence. They held rallies against African Americans and threatened them with violence to prevent them from moving into Northern.
Close Ranks
1918, Written and published by W.E.B. Du Bois which called for African Americans to support the war effort, which they did but never received any recognition for it
Hill District (Pittsburgh)
A segregated area created during the Great Migration; entailed a lot of poverty and not a lot of opportunities during this time.
Birth of a Nation
1915, Controversial but highly influential silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.
We Return
1919, Written once again by W.E.B. Du Bois after soldiers returned from Europe after WW1. This was written to encourage African Americans to not stop fighting for equality among races and equal rights.
Harlem Property Owners' Improvement Corp
A corporation by John C. Taylor to keep African Americans out of White neighborhoods.
369th Infantry Regiment
In World War I, an African American regiment of the U.S. Army, also known as the "Harlem Hellfighters." This group spent 191 days fighting along the French. The entire unit won the Croix De Guerre. This unit was NOT commended save for the French Army and the Black Community
New Negro
a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. Black Academics created scholarly works which offered structural factors over genetic information for racial disparities. This academic engagement also helped inform the advocacy work of the Urban League and NAACP
Margaret Murray Washington
Antilynching activist of Tuskegee Institute. Married Booker T. Washington. Wrote many of his speeches. Pushed for reform in women's suffrage.
Mary Church Terrell
A upper-class activist who advocated for racial equality and women's suffrage.
Booker T. Washington
black scholar who advocated for segregation and wanted blacks to improve themselves on their own.
Atlanta Exposition Address
1895, Booker T. Washington gave a speech about race isolationism. He was the first African American to be selected to speak in front of a racially-mixed audience.
The Talented Tenth
According to W.E.B Du Bois, the ten percent of black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks
Exodusters
people who migrated to Kansas from the deep South
Benjamin "Pap" Singleton
encouraged 40,000 African Americans to move to Kansas, and founded Nicodemus
Liberian Exodus Joint Stock Steamship Co.
project that aimed to migrate to Africa to escape white supremacy. Ran out of money after one trip.
Nicodemus Kansas
All black town founded by Benjamin Singleton; black owned businesses news, and schools. When railroad companies avoided town it fell into decline.
Ma Rainey
Mother of the blues; black folk music
Chicago Defender
Black newspare by Robert S. Abott that was brought by train to the South. It implored blacks to come to the North for jobs.
Jack Johnson
First African American boxer to win the World Heavyweight title at the height of the Jim Crow Era (1908), represented idea of "New Negro" in the early-1900s American culture.
Madame CJ Walker
American entrepreneur who developed hair products especially for black women and built the most successful company owned by an African American at that time.
Pan-Negroism
This term described W. E. B. Du Bois's emphasis on the need for "race organizations" such as black newspapers, colleges, etc. Strong race pride and consciousness; blacks should build 'race organizations"
American Negro Academy
This scholarly organization was formed by seventeen black men in Washington, D.C. They came together to study, debate and publish works in history, literature, science and religion. They did not allow women members but they supported women's rights and women's suffrage. Its members included W.E.B. Du Bois, Alexander Crummel, and Paul Laurence Dunbar.
Anna Julia Cooper
author, teacher, and activist who fought to advance African American education opportunities
Great Migration
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920, and 6 million African Americans from 1910-1970
Illinois Central Railroad
US railroad founded in 1851 with routes connecting Chicago with New Orleans, and Mobile, Alabama
Provident Hospital
first African American owned and operated hospital in the US
Negro Press Association
American news service founded in 1919 in Chicago with correspondents, writers, and reporters in all major centers of the black population
David Fagen
Soldier who defected from the United States Army in the Philippines to become a gorilla fighter against white colonial oppression.
Redlining
Refusing to give loans to specific areas which are predominantly Minority. Used in the New Deal era to refuse black people the ability to generate intergenerational wealth.
Mary McLeod Bethune
African- American Philanthropist who started schools for underprivileged African American girls; civil rights leader
Greater American Colonial Exposition
A fair to show the new possessions of the United States; reinforced the white mans burden by depicting colonies as uncivilized/uneducated. Took place in Omaha, Nebraska.
National Youth Administration
Government sponsored Work-Study program which got the American youth to work, earning money for their families. Not Segregated, so you would find all races of people working side by side.
Chandler Owen
an African-American writer and activist who pushed for the recognition of African Americans in the workplace, and helped pave the way for unionization among African Americans
A. Philip Randolph
Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants. Organized and helped found the Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters, which was the first African American led labor organization. Wanted to secure equality for African Americans in the workplace.
Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters
First African American led labor organization (union) - were able to fight for there wages and have solid jobs
National Urban League
Purpose was to help eliminate racial segregation/discrimination. Advocates on social justice for African Americans
Carter G. Woodson
This former col mine worker born to former slaves got a degree from Harvard and started "Black History Month" Founder of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History.
Universal Negro Improvement Association
A Harlem-based group, led by charismatic, Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, that arose in the 1920s to mobilize African American workers and champion black separatism, reinvigorated black nationalism and self determination
Black Star Line
Shipping line created by Marcus Garvey to get blacks back to Africa.
Alain Locke
American writer, philosopher, and educator. Often referred to as a major catalyst in the Harlem Renaissance. He is also known for his book "The new negro" which was a gathering of African American art and literature.
Survey Graphic
1925, African American magazine company which published an issue in 1935 titled Harlem Mecca of the new negro. This issue focused on the arts movement in Harlem.
Langston Hughes
African American activist, poet, novelist, and playwright. He is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance, and innovator of Jazz poetry.
Strange Fruit
Billy Holiday song, a metaphor for lynching in the south. Describing the bodies that hang from the trees as strange fruit.
Red Summer
refers to the race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities in the United States during the summer and early autumn of 1919. In most instances, whites attacked African Americans
Atlanta Race Riots
1906, Happened in September, resulted form population growth in Atlanta put Pressure on municipal services. white leadership responded with restrictive control on black life.
East St. Louis race riots
1917, Late May early July 40-250 African Americans dead, as a result of white mobs, angered by labor inequities
Chicago Race Riots
1919, Race riot in the south side of Chicago that was due to a black teenager drowning because of white people stoning him. violence broke out, 38 dead
Tulsa Race Riots
1941, May 31-June 1 incident on an elevator with a black teen and a white female elevator operator. news papers reported sexual assault resulting in white mobs forming in front of the court house. demanding that the teen be handed over to them. 25 black men were controlling the mob Violence broke out.
Rosewood Race Riots
1923, a small town invaded and burned down by the KKK, the reason is because it was the most affluent black town in the United States at that town.
Self Help
Era of an idealistic philosophy putting faith in the future and pride of black heritage. The ideologies of pan-negroism (strong race pride and consciousness/blacks should build race organizations) and pan-africanism (shared global sense of African identity).
Uplift
A term within the black community that encouraged them to never stop fighting no matter what the white people had to say.
National Association of Colored Women
Created by Ida B. Wells, Mary Church Terrell and Francis Harper, formed at the first annual convention of the National Federation of Afro-American Women in Washington D.C. in July of 1926. Objectives were to work for economic, moral, religious, and social welfare of women and children.
Eight Box Law
A way of preventing those who were illiterate from voting. Only one of eight ballot boxes counted votes
poll tax
Eligible voters were required to pay their poll tax before they could cast a ballot
Federal Elections Bill
1890, AKA Lodge bill created primarily to enforce the ability of blacks, predominantly Republican at the time, to vote in the South, as provided for in the constitution
Populism
the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
Colored Farmers' Alliance
An organization of southern black farmers formed in Texas in 1886 in response to the Southern Farmers' alliance, which did not accept black people as members
Sharecropping
A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.
Anthony Crawford
African American man killed by a lynch mob in Abbeville, South Carolina after a disagreement with a shop owner
Lynching Cycle
White fear
Growing antagonism
Perceived black offence
Lynching
Outcry
Interracial adjustment
Ingratiating
Thomas Moss
One of three friends of Ida B. Wells who were lynched because they owned a grocery store that was more successful than that of their white counterparts.
Armed Self-Defense
People believed that they should not stand by idly while they are being shot at, etc. They believe in self-defense. Armed self reliance idea created by Robert F. Williams. This is an act of defending the black community by force. People did not like this idea because it was more "violent."
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
poem by Langston Hughes; "I" is not personal, but racial, is millions of years old; Wisdom, endurance
Zora Neale Hurston
African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance, Their Eyes Were Watching God
Aaron Douglas
A Harlem Renaissance painter whose work celebrates African American versatility and adaptability, depicting people in a variety of settings.
Louis Armstrong
Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.
Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries.
