intro

phase 1

small-evaluate toxicity in a group of healthy volunteers

phase 2

determine the range of safe drug dosage in individuals w/ the condition (what’s the perfect concentration?)

phase 3

large, randomized, controlled clinical trials to establish efficacy

epithelium

hydrophobic/lipophilic

stroma

hydrophilic

endothelium

hydrophobic/lipophilic

diagnostic pharmaceutical agent (DPA)

allow for application or an instrument/technique or are essential for diagnostic procedure

therapeutic pharmaceutical agent (TPA)

i.e IOP-lowering medications, topical anti-infectives

pharmaceutical

preparation packaged in a form that the active ingredient can be administered

drug

physiologically active ingredient

mydriacyl

tropicamide

Travatan Z

travoprost

tylenol

acetaminophen

Alphagan-P

brimonidine

durezol

difluprednate

valtrex

valacyclovir

besivance

besifloxacin

adrenergic agonist combinations

light green

adrenergic agonists

purple

anti-infectives

tan

anti-inflammatory, non-steroidal

gray

anti-inflammatory, steroids

pink

anti-inflammatory, immunomodulators

olive green

beta-blocker combinations

dark blue

beta blockers

yellow

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

orange

cytotoxic

black

miotics

dark green

mydriatics & cycloplegia

red

solutions (20 drops per mL)

50 microL per drop (0.05mL)

10 mL bottle

150 drops/10mL (TID) = 50 day supply or 25 days OU

8mL bottle

120 drops/8mL (TID) = 40 day supply or 20 days OU

Pharmacokinetics (PK)

• amount of drug delivered to the site of action

• effect of body on drug

• bioavailability, biotransformation (metabolism), excretion

• describes the relationship between administered dose, biological fluid/tissue concentrations & time

pharmacodynamics (PD)

• sensitivity of target tissue to drug

• effect of drug on body

• drug receptor interactions & signal transduction →effect

relationship between dose (concentration) administered & the final at site of action is the result of the 4 major pharmacokinetic processes

• distribution

• absorption

• metabolism (biotransformation)

• excretion

pharmacodynamics are affected by receptor availability, more receptors available

more sensitive tissue, less drug needed for response (or vice versa)

ED50 dose

• measures potency

• median effective dose

LD50 dose

that produces toxic/lethal effect 50% of individuals; median lethal dose

therapeutic index

• LD50/ED50

• safety profile

• “safer” drugs have a higher ratio

adverse effects are reduced through

• designing receptor subtype selective drugs

• administering drugs locally (topically)

choosing a route should involve

• therapeutic objective

• properties of the drug to be used

• patient factors (including adherence)