Martini's Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter 1

Anatomy

The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationship among body parts

Physiology

The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

Medical terminology

The use of prefixes, suffixes, word roots, and combining forms to construct anatomical, physiological, or medical terms.

Gross anatomy

Features that are visible without a microscope

Cytology

The study of cells

Histology

The study of tissues

Organs

Anatomical structures with multiple functions

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive

The 11 organ systems of the body

In School - Nursing. My Ever-Crazy Learning Really Doesn't Utilize Rest.

A mnemonic for the organ systems: Integumentary, skeletal, nervous, muscular, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Homeostasis

The existence of a stable internal environment

Autoregulation

Occurs when a cell, tissue, organ or organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change

Extrinsic regulation

Caused by the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system

Receptor

In homeostasis, the part that is sensitive to a particular stimulus

Effector

In homeostasis, responds to the commands given by the control center

Control center

In homeostasis, the part that receives and processes the information and then sends out commands

Negative feedback

A corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits

Positive feedback

An initial stimulus that produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions

Positive feedback loop

An escalating cycle which does not stop without intervention

Anatomical position

The standard arrangement for anatomical reference in which a person is palm-up

Supine

Face up

Prone

Face down

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Four parts of the abdominopelvic area formed by a pair of imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect at the umbilicus

Abdominopelvic regions

Nine parts of the abdominopelvic area

Levels of organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism (CCTOOO)

Names of the abdominopelvic quadrants

Right upper, left upper, left lower, right lower

Names of the abdominopelvic regions

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal

Transverse plane

A plane that divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior sections

Frontal plane

A plane that divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior

Sagittal plane

A plane that divides the body vertically into left and right

Parasagittal plane

A plane that divides the body into uneven left and right portions

Anterior

The front surface (pairs with posterior)

Posterior

The back surface (pairs with anterior)

Ventral

The front surface (pairs with dorsal)

Superior

Above; at a higher level; toward the head

Inferior

Below; at a lower level

Dorsal

The back surface (pairs with ventral)

Medial

Toward the midsaggital plane; toward the body's longitudinal axis (ie, the surface of the thighs in contact)

Lateral

Away from the body's midsaggital plane; away from the body's longitudinal axis (ie, moving from the nose to the cheek)

Proximal

Toward an attached base

Distal

Away from an attached base

Superficial

At, near, or relatively close to the body surface

Deep

Further from the body surface

False

True or false: eponyms are used in the Terminologia Anatomica/TA

Latin

The language of anatomy

Physiology

Which is harder to observe, anatomy or physiology?

Physiology

Which field has more specialties, anatomy or physiology?

Atom

The smallest stable unit of matter

Cells

The smallest living units in the body

Tissue

A group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions

Organ

Two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

Organ system

A group of organs interacting to perform a particular function

Organism

The highest level of organization

Homeostatic regulation

The adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

Set point

In homeostasis, the desired value

Disease

a state of illness caused by malfunctioning organ systems

Superficial anatomy

locating structures on or near the body surface

Anatomical landmarks

Structures that can be felt or palpated

Anatomical regions

Specific areas for reference purpose

Cranial

Toward the head

transverse section

a cross section