APPSYCH 4.7-5.2

Drive-Reduction Theory

idea that a psychological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need; motivation to reduce drive

Optimum Arousal

motivation to reach optimum level of arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

principle that performance increases with arousal up to a certain point, where performance decreases

Affiliation Need

Aristotles social animal; need to build relationships and feel apart of a group

Aristotle

social animal of human beings being “social animals” who naturally seek the companionship of others as part of their well being, affiliation need

Self-Determination Theory

need to feel competent, autonomous, and relatable; people are happiest and most motivated when these 3 needs are met about feeling capable, having freedom, and feeling close to people

Instrinsic Motivation

motivated to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake (helping others)

Extrinsic Motivation

motivation to perform a behavior to receive a promised reward/avoid punishment

Achievement Motivation

motivation to master a skill and attaining high standards

Grit

perseverance, going through with words

Glucose

form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major sources of energy for body tissues; causes hunger

Insulin

secreted by pancreases; controls/brings glucose to other organs

Pancreas

secretes insulin

Orexin

in the lateral hypothalamus, chemical telling you that you’re hungry

Lateral Hypothalamus

secretes orexin

Vetromedial Hypothalamus

turns off orexin

Basal Metabolic Rate

bodys resting rate of energy expenditure; daily needed amount of calories with no physical activities

Ghrelin

secreted by empty stomach and sends hunger signals to the brain

Empty Stomach

secretes ghrelin

Leprin

protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, it causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

Fat Cells

secretes leptin

PYY

secreted from digestive tract and sends signals to brain that you’re not hungry

Digestive Tract

secretes PYY

Common Sense Theory

emotion comes first, then the body reacts

James-Lange Theory

our experience of emotion is our awareness to our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli; we feel emotions because we notice how our body reacts to something that triggers emotion (processing emotion)

Cannon-Bard Theory

emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers a physiological response and subjective experience of emotion; something emotional happens, and at the same time, your body reacts and you feel the emotion (same time but separately)

>challenged by lower and high spine injuries as people with higher spinal injuries sometimes feel weaker emotions, showing that body feedback plays a role in how strongly we feel emotions (not separate)

Two-Factor Theory

Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal; body reacts, then label it with thought, then you feel emotion

Schachter-Singer

two-factor theory

Spill Over Effect

physical arousal either heightens or depresses a response; your body's physical state can either intensify or calm down how you emotionally respond to something

Robert Zojonc and Leboux

simple emotional responses require no conscious thinking; some emotions happen automatically, without us thinking about them

Lazarus

cognitive appraisal with or without our awareness, two pathways for emotion; emotions can come from our thoughts or happen instantly without us even realizing why

Insula

makes emotions of lust, pride, and disgust

Brain Circuits

amygdala activates to fearful faces more than angry ones

Left Frontal Lobe

makes positive moods

Duchenne Smile

genuine smile vs non genuine smile

Facial Feedback Effect

tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings

Behavior Feedback Effect

tendency of behavior to influence our own and others thoughts, feelings, and actions; our behaviors impact how we feel and think, and they can also influence how others see and react to us

Stress Appraisal

process of evaluating and interpreting a situation as potentially stressful, may lead to learned helplessness

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selyes concept of body response in 3 phases:

-alarm

-resistance

-exhaustion

Selye

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Alarm

mobilize resources, where stressor occurs; the body detects external stress and initiates the “fight or flight” response

Resistance

cope with stressor; body tries to adapt and cope with the stressor

Exhaustion

reserves depleted; after prolonged stress, the body’s resources are depleted

Tend-and-Befriend Response

under stress, people (mainly women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond or seek support from others (befriend)

Psychophysiological Illness

any stress related illness

Psychoneurommunology

study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Lymphocytes

two types of white blood cells that are part of the bodys immune system to protect

B Lymphocytes

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

T Lymphocytes

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue, and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

Coronary Heart Disease

clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

Type A

Friedman and Rosenmans term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B

Friedman and Rosenmans term for easygoing, relaxed people

Friedman and Rosenman

type A and type B people

Catharsis

idea that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges

>disproven by bobo doll

Problem Focused Coping

attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Emotion Focused Coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to ones stress reaction

Martin Seligman

learned helplessness

External Locus of Control

perception that chance or outside forces beyond our control determine our fate

Internal Locus of Control

perception that you control your own fate (more successful)

Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon

peoples tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

Adaptation Level Phenomenom

our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience; our sense of what’s "normal" or "acceptable" is flexible and based on our prior experiences

Broaden-and-Build Theory

proposes that positive emotions broaden our awareness, and helps us build new meaningful skills that improve well being

Character Strengths and Virtues

clarification system to identify positive traits

Resilience

capacity to withstand or to recover quickly from difficulties

Aerobic Exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness, and helps alleviate depression and anxiety; any physical activity that uses large muscle groups

Mindfulness Meditation

reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgemental and accepting manbner

Gratitude

appreciative emotion people often experience when they benefit from others actions or recognize their own good fortune; feeling of thankfulness and appreciation for what's good in life