Chem 101- Homework and Book - Ch. 1

Simpson college. Ch.1 Homework and book: EXAM 1

Law of conservation of matter

There is no detectable change in the total quantity of matter present when matter converts from one type to another (a chemical change) or changes among solid, liquid, or gaseous states (a physical change).

Plasma

gaseous state of matter that contains appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles

Phase change

All substances can convert from one state of matter to another. 

Atom

Smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element and can enter into a chemical combination

Molecule

Two or more atoms joined by strong forces called chemical bonds

Elements consist of

Only one kind of atom

Compounds and mixtures consist of

More than one type of atom

A pure substance is either an element or a compound, so it could consist of

One type of atom, but it does not have to

A mixture can be made up of?

All of the above

By what means can the components of a compound be separated?

Chemical means

A compound is a chemical substance composed of

Two or more kinds of elements in a fixed ratio

Pure substance

Has a constant composition. All specimens have exactly the same makeup and properties.

Elements

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes

Compounds

Pure substances that can be broken down by chemical changes

Mixture

Composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation

A mixture with a composition that varies from point to point is called a

Heterogeneous mixture

Homogeneous mixture is also called?

Solution

Homogeneous mixture (solution)

A uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout

EX: Water, sports drink, etc.

How are mixtures separated?

Physical methods

Separating by physical methods means?

No chemical reactions

Filtration

Used to separate heterogeneous mixtures composed of a solid and a liquid.

EX: Separating sand from water

What are the most common separation methods?

Filtration and distillation

Distillation

Method that is commonly used to separate homogeneous mixtures, such as water from ink

A heterogeneous mixture is?

Not a pure substance

Physical properties are characteristics of matter that can be

Seen about a substance without changing that substance's chemical composition

What is an example of a chemical property

All of the above

Chemical properties

Can only be observed in the context of a chemical change

Physical properties

Not associated with a chemical change

When a change in a physical property is observed

It could be because of a chemical change or a physical change

temperature does not depend on amount, making it an?

Intensive property

What are physical properties?

All of the above

What are chemical properties

All of the above

How do you identify a chemical property?

Look for chemical change that were not there prior

Extensive properties

Characteristics of a substance that do depend on the amount that is present

What are extensive properties

All of the above

Intensive properties

Characteristics of a substance that do not depend on the amount that is present

What are intensive properties?

All of the above

A chemical change always produces

One or more types of matter that differ from the matter present before the change.

If the property of matter depends on the amount of matter present, then it is an?

Extensive property

The value of an extensive property is directly proportional to the

Amount of matter in question

If the property of a sample of matter does not depend on the amount of matter present, it is an

Intensive property

What is the standard SI unit of mass?

Kilogram

The standard SI unit for the measurement of length is:

Meter

The prefix giga (G) means

10^{^}9

SI units

Kilograms amperes, and candela

What SI unit do we use when measuring distance?

Meter

What are standards of comparison for measurements?

Units (liters, pounds, centimeters, etc.)

International System of Units or SI Units

Measurement units for seven fundamental properties (“base units”)

The symbol "d" is used with SI base units. What is the name of the prefix and quantity indicated by the symbol "d"?

deci- 10^−1

The prefix pico (p) means

10^−12

Today, the meter is based on

The distance light travels in a particular fraction of a second

Length

Distance from one point to another

Volume

The amount of space an object takes up in three dimensions

Mass

How much matter there is

The standard unit of mass in the SI system is

Kilogram

What is the standard volume?

Cubic meter

What is Liter the common name for?

Cubic decimeter

Cubic centimeter (milliliter)

The volume of a cube with an edge length of exactly one centimeter

Newtons measure

Force and weight. The force exerted by an object because of its position in a gravitational field

Kelvin measures

Temperature, grams measure mass, and amperes measure electrical current

Weight refers to

The force that gravity exerts on an object.

Mass of an object is a measure of

The amount of matter in it

A liter is equivalent to

1 dm3

If a scientist wanted to determine the amount of space occupied by an object, she would measure its

Volume

Relative standard deviation

RSD= sx / |-x|

Percent relative error

e%= |measured value−actual value| / |actual value| × 100%

= e / |actual value|×100%

If a set of measurements are very close to one another, we can say that these values are very

Precise

A set of measurements that yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner are said to be

Precise

Using a newer, or more sophisticated, measuring apparatus can increase

Both accuracy and precision

Accuracy

How close a measurement is to an accepted value

Precision

How close a set of measurements are to each other

A scientist obtains a set of measurements that are very close to one another.  These can be said to be

Precise

Accuracy has two aspects

Precision and trueness

Accuracy is a measure of

How close a measurement is to the real value.

Precision is a measure of

The variation observed when a measurement is repeated many times. It describes how well independent measurements of the same property agree with one another.

Trueness refers to

How close a measurement is to a reference or true value

Which two particles have roughly the same mass?

Proton and neutrons

The charges on the proton and electron are typically measured in

Coulombs

The prefix "sub" in subatomic tells us that subatomic particles are

The basic building blocks of atoms

What is exactly equal to the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom?

The mass number

To find the number of neutrons in an atom, simply calculate

Mass number - atomic number

Atoms of the same element can have different

Mass numbers

Which subatomic particle weighs significantly less than 1 amu?

Electron

The mass of the neutron is slightly more than the mass of

A proton

What is close to 1 amu

Proton and neutron

What is the precise mass of the neutron?

1.00866 amu

One atomic mass unit is equal to:

1.66×10^−24 grams

When considering precise mass, which particle has the greatest mass?

Neutron

Atoms of a given element are defined by?

The number of protons in the nucleus

What is the most abundant element in the universe?

Hydrogen

Which of the following elements CANNOT be extracted directly from air?

Chlorine

What common characteristic caused the elements on this chart to mostly enter the silicate phase during differentiation?

A strong tendency to form ionic compounds

Calcium carbonate deposits in Earth's crust are the result of

Ancient marine animals

he distribution of elements throughout the Earth can be attributed to a process known as

Differentiation

What is the difference in the state of iron found in the core and iron found naturally in the crust?

Iron in the core is mostly in an elemental state, while iron in the crust is mostly found in the oxidized state.

__________ are compounds or mixtures that can be used as economical sources of elements.

Ores

What element takes up most of Earths core

Fe (iron)