blood

Plasma

55% of blood

92% water

7% proteins

1% electrolytes

Albumin

most abundant plasma protein

formed elements

other 45% of blood

RBCs (erythrocytes)

44% by volume

Biconcave in shape

Anucleate

function of RBCs

carries nutrients and respiratory gases

Hemoglobin

97% of RBCs

made of globulin and heme

Globulin

made of 2 alpha protein chains and 2 beta protein chains

heme

pigment portion with a central iron atom. 4, one perglobin chain

Role of iron the heme

attaches to the O2 or the CO2

Oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin

Has the o2 attached vs doesnt

Carbaminohemoglobin

has the CO2 attached

erythropoiesis

15 day process of creation of RBCs from hemocytoblast stem cell

Erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone that triggers RBC production

process of erythropoiesis

Low blood oxygen levels triggers EPO release from kidneys

RBC count rises

Blood oxygen rises, inhibiting EPO release

Breakdown of RBCs

Broken down to bilirubin to help make bile, and is then urinated out

Iron is stored in the liver and reused

lifespan of RBCs

120 days

jaundice

Caused by build up of bilirubin in the body if it isn't peed out

Anemia

Lowered capacity to carry oxygen

Hemorrhagic anemia

due to blood loss

Hemolytic anemia

due to RBC rupture

Iron deficiency anemia

unable to build RBCs

Sickle cell anemia

Genetic mutation leading to malformed RBC shape

WBCs (leukocytes)

1% shared with the platelets

For immunity

Granulocytes

with cytoplasmic granules

3 proteins: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and basophils

Agranulocytes

no granules

2 proteins: Lymphocytes and Monocytes

5 leukocytes by abundance

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

Leukopoisesis

WBCs creation from the stem cell hemocytoblast

Platelets (megakaryocytes)

cell fragments that promote clotting by forming a temporary plug

general steps of Hemostasis

Vascular spasm- blood vessels constrict

Platelet plug formation- platelets stick to the exposed collagen

Coagulation- blood clotting

Coagulation steps

1. Forming prothrombin activator- an enzyme

2. thrombin - formed by prothrombin by the prothrombin activator

3. Fibrin formation- thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into solid fibrin strands

Clot retraction

takes 30 minutes

Anticoagulant

prevents blood clotting

drugs include: Aspirin, Heparin, Wafarin

Thrombus

a blood clot in an undamaged vessel

Embolus

a blood clot floating freely in the bloodstream

Embolism

a circulating blood clot that has blocked a vessel

Hemophilia

various hereditary conditions resulting in the lack of procoagulants

Thrombocytopenia

low platelet count

ABO blood groups

typing based on proteins(agglutinogens) on RBC surface

has an analgous antibodies in the plasma

RH blood groups

Positive means surface antigen D

Negative = no surface antigen D

Neutrophils

fight bacterial infections

Eosinophils

fight parasitic worms

Basophils

role in allergic reaction

Lymphocytes

T cells and B cell

Monocytes

Become macrophages