Biology Chapter One

Botany

Woody plants

trees and shrubs; develop large amounts of wood

Herbaceous plants

non-woody plants; ex: daisies, tomatoes, etc.

Vine

long and thin stem; can be either herbaceous or woody

Taproot system

primary root grows downward; larger

Fibrous root system

primary root is smaller and root branches out

Angiosperms

flowers that produce seeds covered by fruit

Composite family

known as sunflower family; one of the largest flower families in

Head

cluster of many separate flower head

Disk flowers

in the center of the head

Ray flowers

surround disk flowers; mistaken as petals

Oxeye flowers

most common out of composite family

Asters

have flowers with a flower patten similar to daisies but produce a branching stalk with several flower heads

Goldenrods

composite flowers that have clumps of bright, golden yellow rays

Mint family

family of aromatic plants

Parsley family

flowers of most pants belong to this family; complex in design

Queen Anne’s Lace

large cluster of over two thousand individual white flowers

Annual

plant that develops from a seed —> creates more seeds in one growing season

Biannual

plants that live through two growing seasons

Perennials

live from year to year; bloom each season

Rose family

has thorny stems and showy flowers

Pea family

has pod-like fruits, one of the largest flower families

Kudzu

rapidly growing plant; used to enrich soil and prevent erosion in the soil

Mustard family

most vegetables come from leaves, roots, and stems in this family

Legumes

members of the pea family are refered to this

Nitrates

used to help provide protein for plants

Nitrogen-living bacteria

grows on legumes —> converts nitrogen from air to ammonia and nitrates

Nitrifying bacteria

provides nitrates from decomposing plants and animals

Nitrogen cycle

movement of nitrogen from air —> soil —> back to air

Denitrifying bacteria

in soil converts unused nitrates back to atmospheric nitrogen to complete nitrogen cycle

Lily family

diverse plant family; tulips, day lilies, hyacinth

Cashew family

has cashew tree, has less pleasant distinction of being group with three poisonous trees: poison ivy, poison sumac, and poison oak

Urushiol

oily substance that gives a severe rash for days

Nightshade family

has important foods: tomatoes, Irish potatoes, peppers, and eggplants, tobacco, belladonna, petunia

Cotyledons

seed of an angiosperm plant contains this

Monocots

has one cotelydon

Dicots

has two cotyledons