[DOSAGE FORMS] Liquid Dosage Forms Single Phase Systems - Part 2

Proverbs 16:3

Elixirs

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Clear, sweetened, or flavored, hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use

a. Elixirs

b. Tinctures

c. Spirits / Essences

d. Fluidextracts

b. 5 – 40%

The alcohol content range of elixirs is:

a. 1 – 10%

b. 5 – 40%

c. 10 – 50%

d. 20 – 60%

a. Elixirs

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

May contain glycerin and syrup , which results in decreased pharmacologic effect, self-preserving

a. Elixirs

b. Tinctures

c. Spirits / Essences

d. Fluidextracts

b. Glycerin and syrup

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Elixirs may contain ______ and ______, which results in decreased pharmacologic effect and self-preserving properties.

a. Alcohol and water
b. Glycerin and syrup
c. Sugar and flavor
d. Oil and wax

c. >10%

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Elixirs are self-preserving when the alcohol content is:

a. >5%
b. >8%
c. >10%
d. >15%

a. Elixirs

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

• Less sweet

• Less viscous

a. Elixirs

b. Syrups

a. Elixirs

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

More stable

a. Elixirs

b. Syrups

a. Elixirs

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Less effective in masking unpleasant taste

a. Elixirs

b. Syrups

a. Elixirs

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

More easily prepared (simple solution)

a. Elixirs

b. Syrups

b. Tinctures

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable drugs or chemical substances

a. Elixirs

b. Tinctures

c. Spirits / Essences

d. Fluidextracts

b. Varies

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

The alcohol content of tinctures:

a. Fixed at 10%

b. Varies

c. Always >50%

d. Always <10%

b. 10% w/v

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

The strength of tinctures is:

a. 5% w/v

b. 10% w/v

c. 15% w/v

d. 20% w/v

• Percolation

• Maceration

• Simple Solution

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Methods of Preparing Tinctures [3]

a. Percolation

[Methods of Preparing Tinctures]

Belladonna Tincture
a. Percolation

b. Maceration

c. Simple Solution

b. Maceration

[Methods of Preparing Tinctures]

Sweet Orange Peel Tincture
a. Percolation

b. Maceration

c. Simple Solution

b. Maceration

[Methods of Preparing Tinctures]

Compound Benzoin Tincture

a. Percolation

b. Maceration

c. Simple Solution

b. Maceration

[Methods of Preparing Tinctures]

Compound Cardamom Tincture

a. Percolation

b. Maceration

c. Simple Solution

c. Simple Solution

[Methods of Preparing Tinctures]

I2 Tincture
a. Percolation

b. Maceration

c. Simple Solution

c. Simple Solution

[Methods of Preparing Tinctures]

Laudanum

a. Percolation

b. Maceration

c. Simple Solution

c. Simple Solution

[Methods of Preparing Tinctures]

Paregoric

a. Percolation

b. Maceration

c. Simple Solution

c. Simple Solution

[Methods of Preparing Tinctures]

Green Soap

a. Percolation

b. Maceration

c. Simple Solution

a. Laudanum

[NOTES]

• Opium tincture

• More potent

a. Laudanum

b. Paregoric

a. Laudanum

[NOTES]

More potent

a. Laudanum

b. Paregoric

b. Paregoric

[NOTES]

Camphorated opium tincture

a. Laudanum

b. Paregoric

Spirits/Essences

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances

a. Elixirs

b. Tinctures

c. Spirits / Essences

d. Fluidextracts

b. Essences

Spirits are also known as:

a. Tinctures
b. Essences
c. Fluidextracts
d. Elixirs

a. > 60%

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

The alcohol content of spirits/essences is:

a. > 60%
b. > 40%
c. > 50%
d. > 70%

• Simple Solution

• Solution with maceration

• Chemical reaction

• Distillation

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences [4]

a. Simple Solution

[Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences]

Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

a. Simple Solution

b. Solution with maceration

c. Chemical reaction

d. Distillation

b. Solution with maceration

[Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences]

Peppermint Spirit

a. Simple Solution

b. Solution with maceration

c. Chemical reaction

d. Distillation

c. Chemical reaction

[Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences]

Ethyl nitrite Spirit (EtOH + NaNO2)

a. Simple Solution

b. Solution with maceration

c. Chemical reaction

d. Distillation

b. Ethyl nitrite Spirit

[Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences]

EtOH + NaNO₂.

a. Peppermint Spirit
b. Ethyl nitrite Spirit
c. Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
d. Brandy

d. Distillation

[Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences]

Used in alcoholic beverages

a. Simple Solution

b. Solution with maceration

c. Chemical reaction

d. Distillation

d. Distillation

[Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences]

Brandy (Spiritus Vini Vitis)

a. Simple Solution

b. Solution with maceration

c. Chemical reaction

d. Distillation

b. Spiritus Vini Vitis

[Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences]

Brandy is also known as:

a. Spiritus Frumenti

b. Spiritus Vini Vitis

c. Ethyl nitrite Spirit

d. Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

d. Distillation

[Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences]

Whisky (Spiritus Frumenti)

a. Simple Solution

b. Solution with maceration

c. Chemical reaction

d. Distillation

a. Spiritus Frumenti

[Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences]

Whisky is also known as:

a. Spiritus Frumenti

b. Spiritus Vini Vitis

c. Ethyl nitrite Spirit

d. Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

a. Brandy (Spiritus Vini Vitis)

[Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences]

Made from fermented grape juice

a. Brandy (Spiritus Vini Vitis)

b. Whisky (Spiritus Frumenti)

b. Whisky (Spiritus Frumenti)

[Methods in Preparing Spirits / Essences]

Made from fermented malt grain

a. Brandy (Spiritus Vini Vitis)

b. Whisky (Spiritus Frumenti)

Fluidextracts

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Hydroalcoholic extracts of vegetable drugs prepared by percolation

a. Elixirs

b. Tinctures

c. Spirits / Essences

d. Fluidextracts

b. Percolation

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Fluidextracts are hydroalcoholic extracts of vegetable drugs prepared by:

a. Maceration
b. Percolation
c. Distillation
d. Simple solution

d. Fluidextracts

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Are 100% tinctures with a concentration of 1 g/mL, making them too potent and bitter for self-administration

a. Elixirs

b. Tinctures

c. Spirits / Essences

d. Fluidextracts

d. Fluidextracts

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Too potent and bitter for self-administration

a. Elixirs

b. Tinctures

c. Spirits / Essences

d. Fluidextracts

c. Cascara Sagrada Fluidextract

[Alcoholic & Hydroalcoholic Solutions]

Example of a fluidextract used as a cathartic.

a. Peppermint Spirit

b. Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

c. Cascara Sagrada Fluidextract

d. Ethyl nitrite Spirit

Liniments/Embrocations

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

Alcoholic or oleaginous solutions of various APIs intended to be rubbed on the skin

a. Liniments / Embrocations

b. Collodions

c. Oleovitamins

d. Extracts

b. Embrocations

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

Liniments are also known as:

a. Tinctures

b. Embrocations

c. Essences

d. Spirits

• Alcoholic Liniments

• Oleaginous Liniments

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

Type of Liniments / Embrocations [2]

a. Alcoholic liniment

[Type of Liniments / Embrocations]

• Has counterirritant, rubefacient, and penetrating action

• More irritating

a. Alcoholic liniment
b. Oleaginous liniment

b. Oleaginous liniment

[Type of Liniments / Embrocations]

• Used for massage

• Less irritating

a. Alcoholic liniment
b. Oleaginous liniment

Collodions

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

Liquid preparations composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent mixture usually composed of 3:1 mixture of ether and alcohol

a. Liniments / Embrocations

b. Collodions

c. Oleovitamins

d. Extracts

a. Flexible Collodion

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

________ contains 3% castor oil as a plasticizer for flexibility and 2% camphor to make it waterproof

a. Flexible Collodion

b. Salicylic Acid Collodion

b. 3% castor oil

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

The plasticizer for flexibility in Flexible Collodion is:

a. 2% camphor

b. 3% castor oil

c. 10% salicylic acid

d. 5% phenol

a. 2% camphor

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

Flexible Collodion contains ______ camphor to make it waterproof

a. 2% camphor

b. 3% castor oil

c. 10% salicylic acid

d. 5% phenol

b. Salicylic Acid Collodion

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

10% salicylic acid in flexible collodion

a. Flexible Collodion

b. Salicylic Acid Collodion

b. Salicylic Acid Collodion

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

Used as a keratolytic agent

a. Flexible Collodion

b. Salicylic Acid Collodion

b. Collodions

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

Used as an occlusive protecting coating to the skin

a. Liniments / Embrocations

b. Collodions

c. Oleovitamins

d. Extracts

c. Hairbrush

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

Collodions are used as an occlusive protecting coating to the skin and are applied using a _______

a. Dropper
b. Spray
c. Hairbrush
d. Syringe

Oleovitamins

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

Fish liver oils diluted with edible vegetable oil or solutions of vitamins in fish liver oil

• Example: Vitamins A & D

a. Liniments / Embrocations

b. Collodions

c. Oleovitamins

d. Extracts

d. Extracts

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

Medicinally active portions of vegetable drugs which have been isolated using a solvent or solvent mixture

a. Liniments / Embrocations

b. Collodions

c. Oleovitamins

d. Extracts

• Semi-liquid Extracts

• Pilular / Solid Extracts

• Powdered Extract

[Other Non-Aqueous Solutions]

Forms of Extracts [3]

a. Semi-liquid Extracts

[Forms of Extracts]

Syrupy consistency prepared without the intent of removal of the menstruum
a. Semi-liquid Extracts

b. Pilular / Solid Extracts

c. Powdered Extract

b. Pilular / Solid Extracts

[Forms of Extracts]

Plastic consistency prepared with nearly all of the menstruum removed

a. Semi-liquid Extracts

b. Pilular / Solid Extracts

c. Powdered Extract

c. Powdered Extract

[Forms of Extracts]

Prepared to be dry by the removal of all menstruum

a. Semi-liquid Extracts

b. Pilular / Solid Extracts

c. Powdered Extract

• Maceration

• Digestion

• Infusion

• Decoction

• Percolation

Methods of Extraction [5]

a. Maceration

[Methods of Extraction]

Soaking (3 days)

a. Maceration

b. Digestion

c. Infusion

d. Decoction

e. Percolation

b. Digestion

[Methods of Extraction]

Maceration with gentle heat

a. Maceration

b. Digestion

c. Infusion

d. Decoction

e. Percolation

c. Infusion

[Methods of Extraction]

Maceration in hot or cold water

a. Maceration

b. Digestion

c. Infusion

d. Decoction

e. Percolation

d. Decoction

[Methods of Extraction]

Boiling in water (15 mins)

a. Maceration

b. Digestion

c. Infusion

d. Decoction

e. Percolation

e. Percolation

[Methods of Extraction]

Passage of solvent through a column of the drug

a. Maceration

b. Digestion

c. Infusion

d. Decoction

e. Percolation