FAU High School Summer Bridge - History - 2023 2024

B.C.E

B.C.E

✸Before Common Era or Before Christ✸
AKA B.C., was renamed to maintain religious neutrality

C.E.

✸Common Era or Christian Era✸
AKA A.D.

accession

the attainment or acquisition of a position of rank or power, rising up in power
✴ascending in power✴

aesthetic

the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and the nature of taste

agrarian

concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land

✴relating to agriculture✴

amenities

-a desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place.
-a luxury

EX: having a pool at home, having room service, having a balcony

anarchy

✴a state of disorder due to the absence or nonrecognition of authority or other controlling systems.

Simple Def: a society with no rulers

antiquity

the quality of being ancient; ancient times

✦the quality of being antique-like✦

appeasement

Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved country through negotiation to prevent war.

✦to please✦

asceticism

✦a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from sensual pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals

EX: Abstinence and fasting

assimilate

taking on the traits of the dominant culture to such a degree that the group becomes socially indistinguishable from other members of the society

EX: immigrants "American-washing" themselves to avoid being viewed as other

autocracy

a system of government by one person with absolute power.

barbarism

-someone who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive
-a person from a foreign land, culture, or group believed to be inferior, uncivilized, or violent.

bureaucracy

🏷 a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by ✦state officials✦ rather than by elected representatives.

bureaucrats

someone who is a member of a bureaucracy

EX: government agencies, large corporations, and the military

city-state

a political system consisting of an independent city having sovereignty over contiguous territory and serving as a centre and leader of political, economic, and cultural life.

⋄A city that functions as its own state⋄

civic

∎the study of the rights and obligations of citizens in society∎

colonial

of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or colonies.

commerce

the buying and selling of goods

communal

♫shared by all members of a community; for common use.♫

EX: collective households, cohousing communities, co-living, ecovillages, monasteries, survivalist retreats, kibbutzim, hutterites, ashrams, and housing cooperatives

conscription

state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service

♢AKA being drafted♢

continuity

things that stay the same, relatively unchanged, over time

♢long-standing traditions, cultural values, or political systems that endure despite changes that may occur in other areas.♢

contradict

♢deny the truth of (a statement) by asserting the opposite.
♢be in conflict with.

corroborate

(v.) to confirm, make more certain, bolster, substantiate, verify

cosmopolitan

Places that are "diverse," or bustling with lots of people of varying nationalities

coup

a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government

demography/demographic

the statistical study of human populations

despot

a ruler with absolute power or tyrannical control over a group of people
✮tyrant

dissent

a dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body

dissident

a person who opposes official policy, especially that of an authoritarian state.

domestic/domesticate

-process in which people found new ways to control different plants and animals to better suit human needs
-within the same country

edict

an order issued by someone in authority

egalitarian

relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

elite

a select group that is superior in terms of ability or qualities to the rest of a group or society.

emigrate

the act of leaving your own country in order to settle permanently in another.

ethnocentric

believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups

EX: Nazi Germany -> Aryan Race

feudalism

a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return

❉the dominant social system in medieval Europe

genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

gentry

upper middle class of wealthy gentlemen farmers who were well educated, politically astute, and generally came from successful families.

❉AKA farmer/landowning class❉

guild

associations of craftsmen and merchants formed to promote the economic interests of their members as well as to provide protection and mutual aid

hierarchy

A group organized by rank

hominids

A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae, including Homo sapiens and our ancestors

ideology

A consistent set of beliefs by groups/individuals

imperial/imperialism

A. a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
B. rule by an emperor.

indigenous

originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native

infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

lineage

lineal descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree.

linguistic

the scientific study of language and its structure

manifest

- document listing the cargo, passengers, and crew of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle, for the use of customs and other officials
- philosophy claiming that a nation needs to expand

maritime

connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity.

martial

of or appropriate to war; warlike.

matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

monopoly/monopolize

-the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.

-exclusive control by one party/person

monotheism

Belief in one God

nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

✷Country with Homogenous factors✷

Neolithic

of, relating to, or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, where agriculture was introduced
✷New
✷Stone

Nomadic

wandering from place to place

Oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

pantheon

Meaning: of all gods

A former Roman temple and, since 609 AD, a Catholic church in Rome, Italy

Papal/papacy

the office or authority of the pope

parliament/parliamentary system

a system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature

pastoral

-related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle

-concerning or appropriate to the giving of spiritual guidance

patriarchal

Dominated by men

patrilineal

based on or tracing descent through the male line

patronage

- (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
-financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another.

peasant

a member of a class of persons who are small farmers or farm laborers of low social rank

pharaoh

a ruler in ancient Egypt

piety/pious

devoutly religious.

polity

an organized society, such as a nation, state, church, or other organization, having a specific form of government

polytheism

Belief in many gods

proselytize

to convert someone to a faith, belief, or cause

provinical

(adj) pertaining to an outlying area; local; narrow in mind or in outlook, countrified in the sense of being limited and backward; of a simple, plain design that originated in the country with a narrow point of view; a person from an outlying area; a soldier from a province or colony
Synonyms: narrow-minded, parochial, insular, naive

republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

rhetoric/rhetorical

the study of writing or speaking as a means of communication or persuasion

sedentary

living in groups permanently in one place

Sharia

set of Islamic religious law that governs aspects of day-to-day life for Muslims in addition to religious rituals

Sinification

extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions

stratification

society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors

Sub-Saharan

from or forming part of the African regions south of the Sahara desert.

Subordinate

(adj.) lower in rank or position, secondary; (n.) one who is in a lower position or under the orders of someone else; (v.) to put in a lower or secondary position

Succession

the order in which or the conditions under which one person after another succeeds to a property, dignity, position, title, or throne.

syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

textiles

a type of cloth or woven fabric

theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

theology

the study of religion

tributary state

independent state that has to acknowledge the supremacy of another state and pay tribute to its ruler

tyranny

Cruel and oppressive government or rule

urban/urbanize

in, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town.

usurp

take (a position of power or importance) illegally or by force.

vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

totalitarian

relating to a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.

abdicate

to renounce one's position in power

animism

✦the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence

authoritarian

A government in which one leader or group of people holds absolute power.

EX: Russian Federation, Nazi Germany

classical

relating to ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture.

concubine

a woman who lives with a man but has lower status than his wife or wives.
☃extramarital sexual relationship☃

diaspora

✮a large group of people who may share a national or regional origin, but for a variety of reasons, are living outside of this traditional homeland.

☆EX: removal of Jewish people from Judea, the removal of Africans through slavery

dynasty/dynastic

a line of hereditary rulers of a country.

epic

A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

homogenous

of the same or a similar kind or nature