Unit 4 bio identification

Fluid mosaic model

This term describes the membrane’s structure because of the diverse protein molecules suspended in a fluid of phospholipid bilayer.

Glycolipids

These are phospholipid molecules with attached carbohydrate chains.

Glycoproteins

These are protein molecules on the cell surface with attached carbohydrate chains.

Channel proteins

These are membrane proteins that form tubes or passageways that passively move substances from one side to the other.

Carrier proteins

These membrane proteins change in shape when transferring molecules across the lipid bilayer.

Anchoring proteins

These proteins fasten adjacent cells in animal tissue.

Recognition proteins

These proteins function as unique identity tags of the cell.

Receptor proteins

These proteins have certain shapes that allow only specific molecules to bind to them to bring about cellular responses.

Selective permeability

This refers to the ability of the cell to allow certain substances to pass through while keeping other molecules out.

Concentration gradient

This refers to the difference in quantity or concentration of a particular substance across the membrane which can drive movement.

Osmosis

It refers to the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with high concentration to one with low concentration.

Osmolarity

It refers to the relative concentration of solutes in fluids separated by a selectively permeable membrane.

Simple diffusion

It is the general movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one with a lower concentration.

Facilitated diffusion

It is a type of passive transport that requires specific transport proteins to move molecules across a membrane.

Isotonic

This state occurs when solute concentrations are the same on both sides of a membrane and water molecules move at the same rate in both directions.

Hypertonic

It refers to a solution where water is drawn out of the cell.

Hypotonic

It refers to a solution where water is drawn into the cell.

Homogeneous mixture

It is a mixture of substances that has a uniform distribution of constituent molecules.

Solid solute

It is one of the components of a homogeneous mixture that is usually solid.

Liquid solute

It is one of the components of a homogeneous mixture that is usually liquid.

Isotonic

Many animals living in an estuary, such as oysters, blue crabs, and some fishes, are able to cope with the changes in the salinity of their environment by using their specialized gills and kidneys.

Hypertonic

It can be observed that plants wilt and are almost dying along a salted roadside.

Hypotonic

Paramecia live in freshwater environments and use their contractile vacuoles to get rid of excess water.

Hypertonic

Some animals must drink the saltwater to get the water into their bodies, but they maintain it by making the salts concentrated and excreted from the body.

Hypertonic

A red blood cell is placed in a solution with a high solute concentration which results in the cell shrinking its size.

Active transport

This is a cellular transport mechanism that requires energy because it moves molecules against the concentration gradient.

Sodium-potassium pump

This protein moves sodium ions (Na+) to the outside of the cell and potassium ions (K+) to the inside of the cell.

Transport proteins

These proteins transport certain types of molecules or ions across the membrane.

Passive transport

This is a transport mechanism that transfers molecules or ions down the concentration gradient which does not require the use of energy.

Glucose transporter

This protein transports glucose molecules from the gut to the intestinal epithelial cell.

ATP

It is a requirement for the pumps during active transport to move substances against the concentration gradient.

Ion channel

This protein allows the movement of sodium ions down their concentration gradient.

Glucose transporter

This protein transports glucose molecules from the intestinal epithelium to the underlying tissues and bloodstream.

Carrier proteins

These proteins are used to transport molecules across the membrane against their concentration gradient.

Electrochemical gradient

This is generated across the plasma membrane because of the bidirectional transport of three sodium and two potassium.

Exocytosis

It is a process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs.

constitutive exocytosis

It is a process that is important in transporting proteins like receptors that function in the plasma membrane.

regulated exocytosis

This process can happen when a cell receives a signal from outside.

endocytosis

In this process, the cells take in substances by forming vesicles that bud inward around the material.

Phagocytosis

It is an endocytic pathway in which the material, such as food particles or another cell, was taken in through engulfing.

Pinocytosis

It is an endocytic process that occurs when vesicles form around a liquid or around very small particles.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

It is an endocytic process which is quite specific because it uses a receptor protein to recognize compatible molecules which they bring into the cell.

Vesicle

This is where the molecules are placed ready for transport.

Cargo

This is the material being transported in different pathways into and out of the cell.

Coated pit

It is a special location in the plasma membrane where there is a layer of protein on the cytoplasmic side of the pit.

bulk or vesicular transport

In this mechanism, large molecules that cannot pass through the membrane are packaged in a vesicle coming from the membrane.

Exocytosis

It spills out the content out of the cell after getting the molecule, then it fuses with the plasma membrane.

endocytosis

In this process, the plasma membrane balloons inward, taking in the molecule.

Phagocytosis

In this process of endocytosis, the cell engulfs the molecule through the use of its extensions, then it packs the molecules in a vacuole.

Pinocytosis

This kind of endocytosis forms a vesicle around a liquid molecule.