Engineering Data Analysis 2

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42 Terms

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Statistics

Data (from the word status - state). Collecting, processing, analyzing, summarizing data in order to provide answers to solution to an inquiry. Science that studies data to be able to make a decision.

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Inferential

Make conclusions out of the data

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Inferential

Make conclusions out of the data

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Data

It should be factual. Colletion of facts where you can get facts from survy, observation, etc.

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Qualitative Data

(Quality) has no value or magnitude

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Quantitative Data

(Quantity) has a value and magnitude

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Continuous Value

Infinitely countable things. It can be broken into smaller parts

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DIscrete Value

It cannot be broken into smaller parts

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Nominal

Lowest level of measurement. It is labels and categories. It has no difference and order

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Ordinal

It is a low level of measurement. It has order but no differences.

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Interval

A level of measurement with no absolute zero like temperature.

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Ratio

Highest level of measurement. It has absolute 0.

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Universe

Collection of set of units or entitites from whom we got the data.

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Variable

it is a characteristic that is observable or measureable in every unit of the universe.

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Population

Set of all possible values of a variable.

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Sample

A subgroup of a universe or of a population

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Mean

The average value of the data value

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Mode

Most frequently occuring data value

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Median

middle data value in a round data set

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Percentile

Measures of position where m = 100

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Quartile

Measures of position where M = 4

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Decile

Measures of position where M = 10

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Measures of Variation

Spread of data; dispersion

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Range

DIfference of the greatest and least

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Interquartile Range

The middle half of the data that lies betwen the upper and lower quartile

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Standard Deviation

Average amount of variability in dataset

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Coefficient of Variation

Ratio betwen standard deviation devided by mean

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Normal Distribution

it has bell shaped curve. Mean, median, and mode are equal. Symmetrical about the vertica line through the mean. Maximum area under the curve is 1.

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Z score

Tells how many standard deviatin the “x” value is aboe or below the mean.

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Probability Density Function

f(x) must be greater or equal to 0, non negative, and should be 1. Probabilty can be find.

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Confidence Level

Range of vales so constructed that there is a specified probabilituy of including the true value of a parameter within it. Percentage

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Confidence Limits

Two extremes measurements within whihc an observation lies. End points of the confidence interval.

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Central Limit Theorem

Irrespective of the shape of the underlying distribution, sample mean, and proportions will approximate normal distribution if the same size is sufficiently large.

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Variability of the Population

Describes how far apar the data points lie from each other and from the centre of distribution; spead, scatter, dispersion.

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Width of Interval

Relative Deviate (z) is the distanec of the value (x) in units of standard deviation

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Hypothesis

A statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research.

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Null Hypothesis (Ho)

A statement in which there is no relationship between two variables. The researcher tries to disprove. Refers to the population parameter, the testing in indirect and implicit.

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Alternative Hypothesis

A statement: that is simply the inverse of the null hypothesis. The researcher wants to prove. Indicates sample statistics, whereon, the testing is direct and explicit.

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One-Tailed Method

Hypothesis testing for inequalities

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Two-tailed Method

Hypothesis testing for equalities

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Type 1 error

False Positive. Rejection of Ho when it is factually true

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Type 2 error

False negative. Unable to reject Ho when it is factually false hypothesis due to lack of evidence.