ISCOR 301 final ID terms

ethnic cleansing

time - N/A

about - “mass expulsion or killing of members on an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society”

so what - intentionally different from a genocide because killing is not the main goal but still wipes out thousands of people and marginalized groups should not be exiled

ghetto

time - WW2

about - large concentration of an ethnic minority into a small area — used in Warsaw where they held the largest one of 450,000 people who were mostly all Jewish

so what - it was a pre-stage to the concentration camps that led up to the holocaust that included elements of total war

concentration camp

time - WWII

about - a place where marginalized groups were sent either to work or to be killed that Hitler and the Nazis used

so what - they were responsible for the mass killings of the Jewish population

death marches

time - 1915

about - Armenians forced to march into Syria and they had no food/water, faced torture, and were raped/sexually abused. Women could stay alive if they converted to Islam and married a Turk

so what - Armenian people were faced with a genocide with the Turks trying to either eliminate or destroy Armenians and their culture.

Khmer Rouge

time - 1975-1979

about - Communist Party of Democratic Kampuchea led by Pol Pot who were responsible for the Cambodian Genocide when they wanted to create an Agrarian socialist utopia where they implements relocations, forced labor, and physical abuse to reach their goals

so what - group of people responsible for killing up to 2 million people with more than half of them being directly executed in which in 2010 under Kang Kek Lew in Geneva was labeled a crime against humanity

transitional justice

time - N/A

about - “processes and mechanisms for coming to terms with a society’s legacy of large-scale past conflict, repression, violations and abuses, in order to ensure accountability, serve justice and achieve reconciliation”

so what - it creates a system of reparations so that any groups that were at the receiving end of a large scale conflict, they can fully feel justice for the actions of the oppressors

reconciliation

time - N/A

about - includes the forgiveness and signaling models where it is a “process of repairing social ties and community trust in the aftermath of violent conflict, or in societies undergoing a transition from totalitarian to democratic governance”

so what - creating peace in society where both groups of the oppressor and the oppressed can live cohesively and rebuild community is crucial for long-term stability

truth and reconciliation commission

time - 1995

about - after South African Apartheid, there was a forgiveness model put into place where the white population had to create amnesty for colored, Bantu, and Xhosa groups that were oppressed during Apartheid in which they had to give the full truth of their crimes to the oppressed groups to begin reconciling

so what - effective model that was able to have colored groups be reintegrated into society and for that to be a peaceful process

restorative justice

time - N/A

about - a system of justice that helps victims and offenders be reintegrated into society after a major conflict in order to heal and rebuild communities, rather than giving punishments - TRC

so what - victims and offenders are able to live in harmony after a conflict

restoration

time - N/A

about - process of rebuilding society after a major conflict

so what - it helps to have society be re-stabilized

Euromaidan

time - 2013

about - aka as Revolution of Dignity. Victor Yanukovych, the Ukrainian president since 2010, decided not to join the EU and forming closer ties with Russia so there were protests from Ukrainian people saying that he was corrupt and oligarchical.

so what - Ukraine was seen as hostile by the EU and the corruptness led to the president’s removal as an oligarch to shift towards a democracy and that discrepancy lead to Russia’s annexation of Crimea and the conflict that started in 2022

Yasser Arafat

time - 1929-2004

about - member of Fatah (paramilitary terrorist organization) and a leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (similar to Hamas) but by the 1980s started favoring negotiation and compromise

so what - terrorist that focused attacks on Israel while in support of Palestine but later favored peaceful tactics for resolution

Benjamin Netanyahu

time - 1980s - now

about - leads Likud, the largest right-wing party in Israel, but grew up in the US. In Israel was an UN ambassador in the 80s, in the 90s was prime minister and defense minister and is still currently the prime minister since 2022. He was in 2019 accused of corruption, bribery, and abuse of position of power.

so what - One of the head leaders of Israel who are responsible for responding to the Hamas attack and responsible for the Palestinian genocide which is effectively wiping out their population.

First Intifada

time - 1987

about - started as a peaceful grassroots protest on Palestine’s behalf and they committed acts of civil disobedience like graffiti but that led to riots with Molotov cocktails against 80,000 Israeli soldiers that were deployed. The UN General Assembly condemned Israel for their actions but in the Security Council it was vetoed by the US

so what - It was one of the major conflicts that led to what the Palestine-Israel conflict is today

Hamas

time - 1987- now

about - founded after the First Intifada by Ahmed Yassin as a religious Islamic Resistance Movement and called for the Mandatory Palestine. Initially got support from Israel that counterbalanced the PLO and had a majority in the Palestinian in 2006 and gained military superiority over Fatah

so what - responsible for starting the crisis that started the large conflict between Israel and Palestine that happened on Oct 7, 2023

Oslo Accords

time - 1993

about - more official communication that included the US that established a two-state system with a recognized PLO where there was no control over water, borders, resources and had limited self-rule and the withdrawal of IDF for 5 years

so what - there was still issues of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements, and refugees and this was eventually reversed especially when Yitzhak Rabin who worked with the accords was assassinated and Netanyahu became prime minister for the first time.

détente

time - 1963-1979

about - thawing of relations during the Cold War engineered by Brezhnev and Nixon that started at Ostpolitik with bilateral relations and economic cooperation which led to Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT).

so what - it is a strategy used to reduce tension between nations so there isn’t a risk of nuclear or other extremely damaging missiles being sent to another nation

Helsinki Accords

time - 1975

about - 35 European nations and Albania met for the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) to have everyone respect borders postwar, respect human rights and freedoms, and in general be more cooperative.

so what - The Soviet Union and other parts of Eastern Europe were forced to recognize human rights. This also made protesting safer in those areas.

amnesty international

time - 1961

about - Organization created in order to protect human rights and helped political prisoners be released securely. It won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1977.

so what - It is a huge human rights activist organization who fights to protect the rights of all people globally whether that be of protecting refugees to climate justice

Pinochet

time - 1970s

about - He was a general in Chile who became President and held a military dictatorship and was committing acts against human rights and he had the support of the US

so what - He was a person that was responsible for violent acts against his people and the US allowed for that to happen

Vaclav Havel

time - 1936-2011

about - he helped write Charter 77 to protect human rights in Czechoslovakia after the Helsinki Accords considering their government was under communism. He helped over turn the government in the Velvet Revolution and became president.

so what - He was a prominent figure in creating space for human rights and going off the norms of society to fight for human rights