Psy 345 Exam one

What two disciplines does developmental psychopathology draw from?

• Clinical Child Psychology

• Developmental Psychology

Psychological Disorder

• patterns of symptoms shown by an individual

• Increases risk for future suffering or harm

Developmental Psychopathology

• equally concerned with typical and disordered behavior

• uses universal processes as a foundation for studying individual differences

Clinical Child Psychology

• disorder

• diagnosis

• treatment

• prognosis

What does developmental psych look at?

universal processes

five tenets of developmental psychopathology

1.) What is typical helps define what is psychopathology

2.) Developmental Pathways

3.) Outcomes are multiply determined

4.) Child is active in contributing to development

5.) Homotypic and heterotypic continuity

heterogeneous

probabilistic pathways

Equifinality

Different factors leading to the same outcome

Developmental pathways

• heterogenous

• equifinality

• multifinality

• risk and protective factors

Outcomes are multiply determined by…

• biology

• individual characteristics

• parenting

• peers

• context

Child is active in contributing to development

• interdependence of child and environment

• interactions are transactional

Homotypic Continuity

future behavior can be easily predicted from similar-looking past behavior

Heterotypic Continuity

future behavior is poorly predicted from same behavior but is still predicted

epidemiology

how many people have the problem

incidence rate

reflects the extent to which new cases of a disorder over a specified period

prevalence rate

refers to all cases, whether new or previously existing, observed during a specified period of time

How is behavioral genetics studied?

• twin studies

• adoption studies

Behavior Genetics

Study of the influence of genes and environment on behavior

molecular genetics

this area of genetics attempts to identify particular sequences of DNA that relate to variability in characteristics or traits

epigenetics

the study of how genes are turned on or off by environment

moderator variable

When a third variable strengthens and outcome or only happens under this condition

mediating variable

Starting variable leads to a mediating variable that causes the end result

reliability

consistent results

validity

the degree to which a technique measures what it is designed to measure

internal consistency ( r )

refers to whether all parts of a method of measurement contribute in a meaningful way to the information obtained

interrater reliability

The degree to which different raters agree in their judgments or ratings, indicating the consistency and accuracy of their assessments.

test-retest reliability

The consistency of test scores when the same test is administered to the same group of individuals on two separate occasions.

face validity

the extent to which something appears to measure the matter of interest

construct validity

The extent to which a measure accurately assesses the theoretical construct it intends to measure, rather than measuring other related constructs or unrelated factors.

convergent validity (type of construct validity)

the extent to which the correlation between measures that are expected to be related

discriminant validity (type of construct validity)

the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another

criterion-related validity

refers to how well a measure predicts behavior in settings where we would expect it to do so.., now (concurrent validity) future (predictive validity)

Types of assessments

• interviews

• functional analysis

• questionnaires

• observation

• testing

What makes a good treatment?

• reliability

• incremental validity

• treatment validity

incremental validity

the degree to which the measure adds new information to the case

treatment validity

the degree to which the measure contributes to a treatment plan

What type of model does the DSM use?

medical model

Dimensional Model

Where are they on the spectrum of a disorder?

functional analytic approach

understanding why the behavior happens; not concerned with a diagnosis

systems approach

looks at the bigger picture e.g. family, friends

treatment goals

• improving child functioning

• improving family functioning

• reducing societal impact

interpersonal therapy suggests that psychopathology comes from

deficits in interpersonal functioning

Interpersonal therapy originated as a treatment for…

depression for adolescents

IPT

• focuses on present circumstances

• strengthens relationships, and develop better systems of support

• build social skills

examples of IPT skills

• assertiveness training

• validating emotions as interpersonal signals '

• turn-taking

Behavioral treatment strategy

change undue learning process

Cognitive treatment strategy

change faulty cognitions by identifying distorted thought, typing it, and reframing it.

CBT

change thoughts, change behavior, feelings will follow

3rd wave treatment of CBT suggests…

psychopathology comes from a lack of healthy ways to deal with your emotions psychologically and behaviorally

examples of 3rd wave CBT treatments

• acceptance and commitment therapy

• mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

• dialectical behavioral therapy

structural family therapy

A therapeutic approach that focuses on identifying and restructuring dysfunctional family patterns and hierarchies to promote healthy communication and problem-solving. It emphasizes the importance of family structure and boundaries in shaping individual behaviors and relationships.

enmeshment

minimal boundaries, minimal privacy

disengagement

maximal boundaries, nobody knows what you are doing

types of boundaries in family structures

• enmeshment

• disengagement

strategic family therapy

A therapeutic approach that focuses on improving family dynamics by identifying and addressing patterns of interaction. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the family system as a whole, rather than focusing solely on individual members. It aims to promote effective communication, problem-solving, and healthy boundaries within the family unit.

symptoms are maintained (strategic family therapy)

family functions cause symptoms

symptoms are maintaining

child symptoms are maintaining family function

research in the 50s and 60s said psychotherapy

does not work for children

empirically supported treatment

1.) superior to no treatment or equal to an establishment treatment

OR

2.) large number of single-case studies

3.) has to have a manual that other clinicians can use

4.) client samples must be clearly specified

5.) effects are replicated across two different treatment teams

the dodo bird effect

the treatment itself isn’t what’s effective its common factors like good client and therapist relationships

efficacy

benefits of a treatment in a lab

effectiveness

how effective lab treatments are in real life

statistical significance

treatment group improvement is mathematically bigger than control group improvement

clinical significance

treatment that brings client below clinical level of impairment

cultural formulation fo disorder

• cultural identity of client

• cultural conceptualizations of distress

• identify stressors and supports in clients social world

• be sensitive to potential cultural descripinces

• overall cultural assessment

nomothetic

focuses on how you can apply generalized principles to groups of individuals

idiographic

focuses on understanding individuals in their unique context

infant developmental tasks

• attachment to caregivers

• language

• differentiation of self from environment

Middle childhood developmental tasks

• self control + compliance

• school adjustment

• academic achievement

• getting along with peers

• following society rules

Adolescent developmental tasks

• successful transition to secondary school

• academic achievement

• involvement in extracurriculars

• forming close relationships across genders

• forming a cohesive sense of self-identity