Research Methods Test

Chapters 1, 2, 4, 16, and APA formatting

Applied Research

Conducted to find solutions for problems, as opposed to enhancing our general knowledge.

Basic research

Research conducted to understand psychological processes.

The Scientific Progress:

Proof and Disproof

Replication

Scientific Filter

The steps in the research process

Select(select a research design),

Conduct(Conduct the study),

Evaluate(Evaluate the Data),

Report(Report the results),

Refine/Reformulate(your research idea)

Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary firsthand reports in which the authors describe their own observations.

Secondary: secondhand reports in which the authors discuss someone else’s observations.

The Empirical approach

emphasizes direct observation and experimentation.

The fact that findings from psychological research involving Americans are used to interpret the behavior of individuals in other countries

Ethnocentric bias

Who was the first person we discussed as observing psychological phenomena

Aristotle

When approaching information, we should always be ____?

Skeptical

We have a natural tendency to seek evidence that is consistent with our intuitions and ignore or deny contradictory evidence. This is known as what?

Confirmation Bias

The ____ variable is manipulated by the researcher and the ____ variable is measured by the researcher.

Independent, Dependent

What is the difference between induction and deduction?

Induction = means to increase, Deduction = Decrease

What is the difference between a conceptual and operational definition?

Conceptual = dictionary definition. Operational = how you define the variable of interest specific to your study.

Quantititive Research uses _____ and Qualitative research is to _______

Numbers & Observe

We submit our research to the ___ for them to determine whether it is ethical.

IRBs (Institutional Review Board)

What is meant by “minimal risk”?

-       the harm or discomfort participants may experience in our research is no greater than what they might experience in their daily lives.

Prior to participating in research, participants must be given an ___

Informed Consent Form

What are the two types of vulnerable participants we discussed

Children and Adolescents & The intellectually disabled

What are the three views of ethical decisions?

-       Deontology (duty and obligation),

Ethical Skepticism (questioning the possibility of moral knowledge or justification of moral beliefs)

Utilitarianism (an ethical philosophy that believes the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or well-being for the most people)

The Majority of manuscripts submitted to a journal are ……

rejected

typically how many words does an abstract contain?

150-250 words

The four primary parts of an APA paper are what?

-       Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion.

When creating a reference list, the references are put in alphabetical order according to what?

The first authors last name.

What is wrong with this reference of a peer-reviewed journal article? Pica, Emily. (2019). Research Methods is Awesome! Austin Peay Chronicles, 7, 1-15.

-       Pica E. (2019). Research methods is awesome! Austin Peay Chronicles, 7, 1-15. doi:

-        

Goals of research

Describe Behavior, Predict Behavior, Explain Behavior

Sources of information (i.e., scholarly vs. popular):

Scholarly: reports original research, is conducted by an academic scholar, uses specialized terminology, and is highly organized. Popular: Commentary, typically a journalist, public audience, everyday language, informal.

The History of Ethics

Nuremberg Code,

Declaration of Helsinki,

Belmont Report,

Federal Policy for the protection of the Human subjects,

Tuskegee study 1932-1972,

Milgram’s obedience study 1963.

Why is ethics important?

Makes the research Valid

Protect the human rights and well-being of study participants

Maintain a high standard of academic or scientific integrity

issues faced with ethics

Invasion of privacy

Forcing to participate

Physical and mental stress

Deception

Confidentiality

Debriefing

Common courtesy

Different types of risks

Physical, Psychological, Social, Economic, Legal, and Informational Privacy

APA Style

official style of the American psychological Association

General Guidelines

Guidelines:

Know your audience,

Identify your purpose,

Write clearly, be concise,

Be precise,

Follow grammatical rules,

Write fairly,

Write interestingly.

(Kyleigh Instructs Winning Because Faith Will Win)

Referencing

Begin on a new page, alphabetical order by the author's last name, the first line of the references page should be left-justified, with the second line indented, double-spaced, and all in-text references should be in this list.

Father of Psych

William Wundt

Nonscientific methods of acquiring knowledge

Rely on tradition

Personal experience

Intuition

Logic

Authority to arrive at a conclusion.

(Rylee picks ice cream like apples)