High Middle Ages:

2nd Part of midevil test:

The Battle of Hastings:

The Battle of Hastings took place in 1066 which was when the Duke of Normady William the Conqueror beat the Angle-Saxons (English)  and Harold Goodwins.

William the Conqueror:

The Duke of Normady in France and became king of England after the battle of Hastings

Domesday book:

a survey (census) made by William the Conqueror that helped collect taxes and control the English country. And was made in 1086

Exchequer:

group of government that handled money and collected taxes. They kept track of the kings taxes, spending, and kingdoms wealth.

Common law:

a uniform set of laws that applied to everyone across the kingdom the laws were based off of decisions, costomes, Judges, and rulings.

Jury: 

local group of people that gave information to the Judge and didn’t actually rule the convict guilty or not guilty. (We use this in today legal system) 

Thomas becket:

Archbishop of Canterbury in 1100 who argued against King Henry II because he believed the church should have lots of power. He was later murdered by Henry’s knights in 1170

John Softsword:

Son of King Henry II and the younger brother of Richard the Lionhearted. He was a horrible ruler and got his name because of how bad of a military general he was after he lost France a lot of land. He was later forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215.

Magna Carta:

Document signed in 1215 that limited the kings power and said the king must follow the law. This gave nobles and eventually citizens basic rights.

Great Council (Parliament): 

The first Parliament was founded in England in 1295 under the rule of king Edward I. This group was made of Nobles, Bishops, and Landowners which met with the king to give advice, approve taxes, and discuss laws. 

Hugh Capet:

after the last member of carolinian family died this started a new dynasty called the cepatian dynasty which its first ruler is Hugh Capet. (He wasn’t a very good leader

Avignon: 

Pope Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon because of political conflicts in Rome. This led to the great schism where there were multiple popes. This schism lasted from 1309-1377.  This also weakens the power of Papacy greatly. 

Estates General:

This was the French advisory by king Philip IV which had Clergy, Nobles, and commoners. They all helped and supported the king with making decisions mainly against the pope.

Lay Investiture:

When kings appoint bishops which led to a big power struggle between the kings and church.

Concordat of Worms:

agreement between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IIV which let the pope appoint bishops but the emperor could still give land and had political authority.

Barbarossa: 

Known as Red Beard or German king Frederick I he drowned during the 3rd crusade as he had his armor on while swimming. 

Schism:

This is a split within the Cristian church. The most notable schism was when the papal power moved to Avignon and there were multiple popes 1378-1417.

Council of Clermont:

Pope Urban II calls a meeting in 1095 to initiate the first crusade with all the nobles and knights.

Main Reasons for Launching the crusades:

to support the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks, liberate the Holy Land for Christian pilgrims, and re-establish papal authority.

1st Crusade: 

In 1097 armies of christians marched to try and take Jereselum. Only 25% or 12,000 soldiers actually made it to Jereselum. In 1099 on July 15th the crusaders take the holy land. There territory spanned 650 miles from Edessa to Jereselum.

2nd Crusade:

This crusade starts with the Seljuk Turks taking Edessa. The 2nd crusades goal was to retake the holy land from the turks which they failed. This crusade was led by Louis VII and Conrad III

3rd Crusade:

Richard the Lionhearted, Barbarossa, and King Philip II. Only Richard actually led the charge and Jerselum against Saladin. The crusade was unsuccessful against Saladin and the turks. They truce in 1192 which lets Saladin keep the holy land but unarmed Christians could enter.

4th crusade:

They didn’t even go to Jerselum and instead raided European cities like Zara and Constantinople. (Extremely Unsuccessful)

Children’s Crusade:

In 1212 Stephen of Cloyes led the charge and said Jesus had appeared to him in a vision. People believed the kids should do a crusade because they had the least sins. This crusade went horribly as they didn’t even make it to the holy land and instead got traded, starved, or drowned.

Reconquista:

The reconquista was a long effort to drive muslims out of Spain. This was also known as the Spanish crusades. In 1492 with the help of queen Isabella the last Muslim city called Granada had fell.

Christine de Pizan:

Christine was a feminist who wrote the book “City of Ladies'“ which strived for respect and education for ladies.

The City of Ladies: 

Book written by Christine de Pizan that defends women’s rights and highlights famous women in history. It also argues a lot how women should have equal education and respect to men.

Scholasticsm:

method of learning that was taught in universities and combined christian faith with reason and logic. (Mainly combined works with Aristotle)

Thomas Aquinas:

wrote summa theologica which is his book that combined Aristotles thoughts to christian faith and reason.

Vernacular:

The everyday language spoken by ordinary people (NOT LATIN) Examples: Vernacular French, Spanish, English, Italian, and German.

Epic: 

A long narrative poem that told the story of a hero’s adventures, battles, and values of the medieval world.

Chanson de Jeste:

a type of medieval epic poem in the high Middle Ages. Means “Song of Heroic deeds”

Song of Roland:

a type of Chanson de Jeste epic that is about one of charlesmagnes knights that dies heroically in battle.

Divine Comedy:

Long epic poem written by Dante Aligheri that is his journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven.

Dante Aligheri: 

Italian poet who wrote in Italian Vernacular most famous for his poem called the divine comedy.

Geoffrey Chaucer:

Important English writer who wrote Canterbury tales he also used Vernacular English.

The Canterbury Tales:

Writing made by Geoffrey Chaucer which was a collection of stories about pilgrims traveling to Canterbury. (City in southeast England)

Romanesque:

a heavy, stone architectural style with rounded arches, thick walls, and small windows, Inspired by Roman Buildings and mainly used for churches and monasteries. (Peak from 1000-1150)

Gothic: 

The first gothic cathedral was built in Paris with a dark architectural design named after the German tribe called the goths. The style had pointed arches, flying buttresses, and stained glass windows. 

Flying Buttress:

an arched stone support that was built outside a gothic cathedral. It is called the flying buttress because its an arch supports sticks out from the wall. They were important because they allows for bigger windows, bigger buildings, and thinner walls.

Ribbed Vaulting:

Ribbed Vaulting is the type of ceiling structure where stone ribs (arches) form the framework of the vault. And the spaces between them are filled with lighter stones.

Romanesque crypt:

Vaulted rooms under the main floor of a church. Usually beneath the altar. These rooms were a place for pilgrims to pray ,mainly along with where to hold saints relics.

Apse:

Semicircular or polygon-shaped space at the very end of the church. This is the most sacred part of the building and is also used for seats for clergy.

Nave:

Big Central area of the church that people gather for services.

Aisle:

The aisles are the side passageways that run along the nave. Usually split from it by the columns or arches,

Rose Window:

Large Circular Stained-Glass window found mostly in gothic cathedrals.

Gargoyle: 

Stone water spouts carved like monsters on gothic cathedrals. Used to drain rainwater and symbolize guards of the church.

Choir:

The section of a medieval church where monks or clergy sang chants during services. Usually this was near the front.

Transept:

The side arms of a medieval church that intersect the nave, giving the building a cross-shaped layout.

Cruciform:

Mean cross-shaped. In the high Middle Ages many gothic and romanesque churches were built like this. A type of layout that intersected the Nave and transept.

Illumination: 

The artistic decoration of medieval manuscripts. With gold, bright colors and detailed images, they helped people who couldn’t read understand christian stories and teachings.

Epidemic:

A rapid spread of a disease that affects a large number of people in a community or a region at the same time.

Reasons they were so common in the Middle Ages: Limited Medicine. people lived close, and sanitation was poor.

Black Death:

A deadly plague pandemic that last from 1347-1351 in the high Middle Ages that killed about 1/3 of the population. Came from Asia trade ships and mongols invading Europe. Many tried to move to the country side to escape. Broke down all European society by the end of the plague. It started in Fleas and traveled to rats and so on.

Buboe:

A extremely painful Lymph Node that usually formed in the arm pit, groin, and neck. They were caused by infection from the bubonic bubonic plague.

Flagellents:

A Religious group during the Black Death who traveled from town to town. And whipped themselves to show repentance. They believed the plague was gods punishment for mens sins and that hurting themselves would make god end the disease. 

John Wycliffe:

English Scholar who critiqued the church and said it was to wealthy and corrupt. He translated the Bible to English so people could read it. After he died the church said he was heretic.

Jan Hus:

A Czech Scholar who wad born in Bohemia he also criticized the church for its wealth and corruption. He was executed in 1415 for Heresy as he was burnt at the stake.

Longbow:

6 foot powerful bow used by the English mainly in the 100 year war. It let cheap foot soldiers kill expensive knights and helped English win the battles of Poiters, Crecy, and Agincourt.

Hundrend years War: 

Long conflict between English and French. It began when English king Edward III claimed French throne. Longbow victories like crecy, poiters, and Agincourt. and Joan of Arc who turned ut un Frances favor. 

England had early successes, but ultimately France won. 

Joan of Arc:

French Peasent girl who saw visions of god to lead her to help French win, she convinced French heir, Charles VII to let her lead troops. She won siege Orleans but was captured by English and burnt at the stake for Heresy and witchcraft.

The Maid Of Lorraine:

=Joan of Ark

gets this name because she was single (Maid) and was from the north eastern town in France called Lorraine.