High Middle Ages:

2nd Part of midevil test:

The Battle of Hastings:

The Battle of Hastings took place in 1066 which was when the Duke of Normady William the Conqueror beat the Angle-Saxons (English)  and Harold Goodwins.

William the Conqueror:

The Duke of Normady in France and became king of England after the battle of Hastings

Domesday book:

a survey (census) made by William the Conqueror that helped collect taxes and control the English country. And was made in 1086

Exchequer:

group of government that handled money and collected taxes. They kept track of the kings taxes, spending, and kingdoms wealth.

Common law:

a uniform set of laws that applied to everyone across the kingdom the laws were based off of decisions, costomes, Judges, and rulings.

Jury: 

local group of people that gave information to the Judge and didn’t actually rule the convict guilty or not guilty. (We use this in today legal system) 

Thomas becket:

Archbishop of Canterbury in 1100 who argued against King Henry II because he believed the church should have lots of power. He was later murdered by Henry’s knights in 1170

John Softsword:

Son of King Henry II and the younger brother of Richard the Lionhearted. He was a horrible ruler and got his name because of how bad of a military general he was after he lost France a lot of land. He was later forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215.

Magna Carta:

Document signed in 1215 that limited the kings power and said the king must follow the law. This gave nobles and eventually citizens basic rights.

Great Council (Parliament): 

The first Parliament was founded in England in 1295 under the rule of king Edward I. This group was made of Nobles, Bishops, and Landowners which met with the king to give advice, approve taxes, and discuss laws. 

Hugh Capet:

after the last member of carolinian family died this started a new dynasty called the cepatian dynasty which its first ruler is Hugh Capet. (He wasn’t a very good leader

Avignon: 

Pope Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon because of political conflicts in Rome. This led to the great schism where there were multiple popes. This schism lasted from 1309-1377.  This also weakens the power of Papacy greatly. 

Estates General:

This was the French advisory by king Philip IV which had Clergy, Nobles, and commoners. They all helped and supported the king with making decisions mainly against the pope.

Lay Investiture:

When kings appoint bishops which led to a big power struggle between the kings and church.

Concordat of Worms:

agreement between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IIV which let the pope appoint bishops but the emperor could still give land and had political authority.

Barbarossa: 

Known as Red Beard or German king Frederick I he drowned during the 3rd crusade as he had his armor on while swimming. 

Schism:

This is a split within the Cristian church. The most notable schism was when the papal power moved to Avignon and there were multiple popes 1378-1417.

Council of Clermont:

Pope Urban II calls a meeting in 1095 to initiate the first crusade with all the nobles and knights.

Main Reasons for Launching the crusades:

to support the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks, liberate the Holy Land for Christian pilgrims, and re-establish papal authority.

1st Crusade: 

In 1097 armies of christians marched to try and take Jereselum. Only 25% or 12,000 soldiers actually made it to Jereselum. In 1099 on July 15th the crusaders take the holy land. There territory spanned 650 miles from Edessa to Jereselum.

2nd Crusade:

This crusade starts with the Seljuk Turks taking Edessa. The 2nd crusades goal was to retake the holy land from the turks which they failed. This crusade was led by Louis VII and Conrad III

3rd Crusade:

Richard the Lionhearted, Barbarossa, and King Philip II. Only Richard actually led the charge and Jerselum against Saladin. The crusade was unsuccessful against Saladin and the turks. They truce in 1192 which lets Saladin keep the holy land but unarmed Christians could enter.

4th crusade:

They didn’t even go to Jerselum and instead raided European cities like Zara and Constantinople. (Extremely Unsuccessful)