immunohematology/blood banking

immunohematology

A branch of immunology which deals with the uses of immunologic principles to study and identify the different blood groups. ensuring the safety and

welfare of patients that require blood transfusion

Blood Bank

blood is collected from donor, Performs ABO and Rh typing, Prepares blood and blood components for transfusion. Blood that is transfused into a recipient must be tested first to ensure compatibility with the recipient’s blood.

• To reduce the risk of transfusion reactions

• To ensure that the blood/blood components are safe

Karl Landsteiner

discovered ABO blood group system - won nobel prize

• He categorized the blood groups as A, B, and O

Alfred Von De Castelo and Adriano Sturli

discovered that AB – 4th major ABO blood type

antigen

on the surface of the RBC

Antibody

proteins found in the serum or plasma

Cell typing

(Direct or Forward typing) determine antigens in the RBCs of an individual by using commercially prepared antisera - three test

Serum typing

To determine antibodies in the serum/plasma - two test, (Backward, Indirect typing)

agglutination

clumping of rbc

Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Weiner

discovered Rh blood group system

D antigen

most important and immunogenic antigen

D agglutination

Rh positive

HDN or Erythroblastosis fetalis

when a mother and fetus have two different Rh types and the mothers anti-Rh antibodies attack the fetal red blood cells

Major crossmatching

Patient serum is mixed with the donor RBCs, Detects if there are antibodies in the patient serum that can destroy the transfused RBCs from the donor

• PS-DR

Minor crossmatching

Patient RBCs are mixed with the donor serum. Detects if there are antibodies in the donor serum that can destroy the patients RBCs

• PR-DS

amount of blood in the human

7 percent of body weight

Pregnant women

carry an additional all 30 -50 percent more blood - 0.3 to 0.4 additional gallons of blood.

hemorrhagic shock

Losing an excessive amount of blood

ABO blood grouping

Based on the presence of agglutinating antibodies in the

serum/plasma of individuals who do not possess the

corresponding ABO antigen.

Rh typing

based on the presence and absence of the D antigen on the surface of RBCs using commercially prepared anti-D antisera

Rhesus macaque

the type of monkey RBC that was injected into rabbits

whole blood

Effect: volume replacement and restoration of oxygen-carrying capacity.

Indications:

• acute blood loss

• exchange transfusions

• emergency conditions (when there is no other option)

Irradiated Whole Blood

blood treated with low-dose radiation (gamma or X-ray) to stop donor white blood cells (lymphocytes) from multiplying and attacking the recipient's tissues

• To prevent TA-GVHD: In individuals with weakened immune systems, donor T-cells in blood can cause TA-GVHD, attacking the recipient's organs.

packed red blood cell

Effect: restoring oxygen carrying capacity

Indication:

anemic conditions with hypoxia

• PRBC

washed PRBC

a product that has been rinsed with saline to remove most of the plasma.

Indications:

• sensitivity to plasma proteins

• IgA deficient patients (anaphylaxis)

• PNH / removal of complement factors

leukocyte reduced PRBC

red blood cell units with most white blood cells (WBCs) removed via filtration

Indications:

• febrile transfusion reactions

• cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

• a standard practice to prevent transfusion complications

frozen PRBC

ed blood cells treated with a cryoprotective agent (like glycerol) and frozen for long-term storage (up to 10+ years)

Indications:

• unusual blood types

• multiple red cell antibodies

• autologous transfusion

fresh frozen plasma

Effect: replacement of plasma factors

Indications:

• severe bleeding in unknown factor deficiency

• complex coagulation factor deficiency / DIC

• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

platelet concentrate

Indications:

• thrombocytopenia

• platelet dysfunction

• DIC

cryoprecipitate

a concentrated blood product made from fresh frozen plasma (FFP) that is rich in clotting proteins like fibrinogen, factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor

factor VIII concentrate

a medication used to treat and prevent bleeding in people with hemophilia A and certain types of von Willebrand disease (VWD)

Effects: stops the bleeding, prevents hemorrhage and articular lesions

Indications:

• Hemophilia A

factor IX concentrate

therapeutic medication used to treat and prevent bleeding in patients with hemophilia B

Indications:

• Hemophilia B