Science test - chapter 5 and 6

Energy goes down → contaminants group?

Biomagnification

Pollution is one example of this type of habitat loss?

Degradation

Number of species in area is

Species diversity

Types of limiting factor that climate conditions typically are

Density independent

Life history pattern that favors stable environments

K-growth of slow growth species

Most individuals of a species that can live in a place?

Carrying capacity

Are life history pattern best suited to ecosystem disturbances

r-selected

What is the slow part of oak tree life?

Mast year

CFCs are

Chlorofluorocarbons

Biodiversity increases

Stability

Life history pattern of bacteria?

r-selected or rapid growth species

The effect of human disturbance on biodiversity?

Negative

Limiting factor that light availity would be considered for a plant

Dependent (other plants can shade it out)

Total area on earth that is inhabited by a particular species?

Geographic range

Predators food water light temperature and competition are

Limiting factors

Single biggest threat to biodiversity (not humans)

Habitat loss

Exponential growth is

Unrestrained

X-axis of population growth is usually

Time

Land biome known for biodiversity?

Tropical rain forest

Predators are this type of limiting factor?

Density dependent

Tunnels in Jamestown under bridge is preventing or trying help

Habitat fragmentationClaude is AI and can make mistakes. Please double-check responses.

Geographic range

The total area on earth that is inhabited by a particular species

Population distribution

The pattern of where individuals are located within the geographic range (clumped random or uniform)

Population density

The number of individuals per unit area or volume

Exponential growth

J-shaped curve showing unrestrained population growth without limiting factors

Logistic growth

S-shaped curve showing population growth that levels off at carrying capacity due to limiting factors

Which growth model shows limiting factors?

Logistic growth accurately shows population growth over time with limiting factors

Carrying capacity (K)

The maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support sustainably

What determines carrying capacity?

Available resources (food water shelter space) and limiting factors in the environment

Can species exceed carrying capacity?

Yes temporarily but then population crashes due to resource depletion disease or starvation

r-selected species characteristics

Rapid reproduction many offspring little parental care short lifespan small body size

K-selected species characteristics

Slow reproduction few offspring high parental care long lifespan large body size

Do all species fit r or K categories?

No many species fall on a spectrum between these two extremes

Density dependent limiting factors

Factors whose effect increases with population density (disease competition predation parasitism)

Density independent limiting factors

Factors that affect populations regardless of density (weather natural disasters temperature climate)

Is disease density dependent or independent?

Density dependent because it spreads more easily in crowded populations

Is drought density dependent or independent?

Density independent because it affects populations regardless of their density

Rapid growth age structure

Pyramid shape with wide base (many young people)

Slow growth age structure

Slightly wider base that tapers gradually

Stable/zero growth age structure

Relatively uniform width throughout (column shape)

Negative growth age structure

Narrower base than middle (inverted pyramid top-heavy)

What shows population growth in age structure?

The width of the bottom (pre-reproductive) section compared to other age groups

Demographic transition stages

Stage 1 (high birth/death) Stage 2 (high birth/low death) Stage 3 (declining birth/low death) Stage 4 (low birth/death)

Renewable resources

Resources that can be replenished naturally over time (solar wind water forests fish)

Nonrenewable resources

Resources that cannot be replenished on human timescales (fossil fuels minerals metals)

Sustainability in ecology

Meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs

Examples of sustainable practices

Renewable energy use reducing consumption recycling conservation habitat protection sustainable agriculture

Soil threats

Erosion from deforestation and agriculture nutrient depletion from overfarming

Water threats

Pollution from chemicals and waste over-extraction of groundwater and surface water

Atmosphere threats

Air pollution from emissions greenhouse gas accumulation causing climate change

Biodiversity definition

The variety of life in an area including genetic species and ecosystem diversity

Levels of biodiversity

Genetic diversity (within species) species diversity (number of species) ecosystem diversity (variety of habitats)

Why is biodiversity important?

Ecosystem stability resilience food security medicine discovery ecosystem services genetic resources

Major threats to biodiversity

Habitat loss and fragmentation invasive species pollution climate change overexploitation

Ecosystem preservation methods

Protecting large habitat areas creating wildlife corridors establishing nature reserves national parks

Individual species preservation methods

Captive breeding programs species-specific protection laws wildlife rehabilitation

Which preservation focus is more effective?

Ecosystem preservation because it protects multiple species and maintains ecological relationships

Why is ecosystem preservation better?

Protects many species simultaneously maintains natural processes and prevents cascading extinctions

Invasive species

Non-native species that spread rapidly and harm native ecosystems

How invasive species threaten biodiversity

Outcompete natives for resources introduce diseases disrupt food webs lack natural predators

Biomagnification

The increasing concentration of toxins as you move up the food chain/energy pyramid

Biomagnification and energy pyramid

Toxins accumulate in organisms and concentrate at higher trophic levels where less energy but more toxins exist

Have humans addressed ecological threats?

Yes - examples include CFCs/ozone layer recovery DDT ban Clean Air Act species recovery programs

Example of successful human response

Banning CFCs led to ozone layer recovery regulating pollutants improved air and water quality