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Viruses maintained in nature by direct intraspecies or interspecies transmission from rodent to rodent without participation of arthropod vectors wherein transmission occurs by contact with body fluids or secretions.
a. PICORNAVIRUS
b. REOVIRUS
c. CALICIVIRUS
d. ARBOVIRUS
e. RODENT-BORNE VIRUS
e. RODENT-BORNE VIRUS
RODENT-BORNE VIRUS
I. Hantavirus
II. Arenavirus
III. Filovirus
a. I, II, III
b. I, II
c. I, III
d. II, III
e. I
a. I, II, III
A member of the Bunya virus that causes two serious and often fatal human diseases including Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS).
a. Hantavirus
b. Arenavirus
c. Filovirus
a. Hantavirus
True about Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) except:
a. An acute infection causing interstitial nephritis that can lead to acute renal insufficiency and renal failure
b. Transmitted by urban rats like Apodemus agrarius (in Korea)
c. Treated using supportive therapy and prevented by rodent control.
d. Viruses causing HFRS include Hantaan virus and Dobrava virus (Asia and Europe), and Seoul virus (Eurasia).
e. None
e. None
Viruses causing HFRS.
a. Hantaan virus
b. Dobrava virus
c. Seoul virus
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
f. All
A disease that begins with fever, HA and myalgia followed by rapidly progressing pulmonary edema that leads to a severe respiratory compromise.
a. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
b. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
b. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is treated by maintenance of adequate oxygenation and support of hemodynamic function and antiviral drug
a. Acyclovir
b. Ritonavir
c. Erlotinib
d. Ribavirin
e. Oseltamivir
d. Ribavirin
Viruses that causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) except:
a. Sin Nombre virus (North America)
b. New York virus, Black Creek Canal virus, Bayou virus (US)
c. Andes virus (Argentina and Chile)
d. Choclo virus (Panama)
e. None
e. None
Means "sand" and refers to granules in the virion surface that are nonfunctional ribosomes. It establish chronic infections in rodents (species-specific) and human transmission is by contact with rodent excreta.
a. Hantavirus
b. Arenavirus
c. Filovirus
b. Arenavirus
Causes Lassa fever, south American hemorrhagic fevers and lymphocytic choriomeningitis.
a. Hantavirus
b. Arenavirus
c. Filovirus
b. Arenavirus
Arenavirus.
I. Lassa Virus
II. Junin Virus
III. Machupo Virus
IV. Guanarito Virus
V. Sabia Virus
VI. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
a. I, II, III, IV, V, VI
b. I, II, III, IV, V
c. II, III, IV, V, VI
d. I, IV, V, VI
e. I, II, III, VI
a. I, II, III, IV, V, VI
Causes “Lassa fever” which is a severe and fatal form of hemorrhagic fever affecting multiple organs and first seen in 1969 in the Nigerian town of Lassa with the house rat (Mastomys natalensis) as it reservoir.
a. Lassa Virus
b. Junin Virus
c. Machupo Virus
d. Guanarito Virus
e. Sabia Virus
f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
a. Lassa Virus
Common virus that use house rat or Mastomys natalensis as it reservoir.
a. Lassa Virus
b. Junin Virus
c. Machupo Virus
d. Guanarito Virus
e. Sabia Virus
f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
a. Lassa Virus
DOC for Lassa virus.
a. Acyclovir
b. Ritonavir
c. Erlotinib
d. Ribavirin
e. Oseltamivir
d. Ribavirin - most effective when given early in the disease process
Occurs exclusively among workers in maize and wheat fields who are exposed to the reservoir rodent, Calomys musculinus which causes “Junin hemorrhagic fever” in Argentina.
a. Lassa Virus
b. Junin Virus
c. Machupo Virus
d. Guanarito Virus
e. Sabia Virus
f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
b. Junin Virus
Rodent host is Calomys callosus and causes “Machupo hemorrhagic fever” in Bolivia.
a. Lassa Virus
b. Junin Virus
c. Machupo Virus
d. Guanarito Virus
e. Sabia Virus
f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
c. Machupo Virus
Causes "Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever."
a. Lassa Virus
b. Junin Virus
c. Machupo Virus
d. Guanarito Virus
e. Sabia Virus
f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
d. Guanarito Virus
Causes a fatal hemorrhagic fever in Brazil.
a. Lassa Virus
b. Junin Virus
c. Machupo Virus
d. Guanarito Virus
e. Sabia Virus
f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
e. Sabia Virus
Causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis, an acute disease manifested by aseptic meningitis or a mild influenza-like illness, and can infect mice, hamster, and humans (via mouse droppings).
a. Lassa Virus
b. Junin Virus
c. Machupo Virus
d. Guanarito Virus
e. Sabia Virus
f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
Natural vector is house mouse, Mus musculus.
a. Lassa Virus
b. Junin Virus
c. Machupo Virus
d. Guanarito Virus
e. Sabia Virus
f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
Viruses with high mortality rates (25-90%) of all viral hemorrhagic fevers.
a. Hantavirus
b. Arenavirus
c. Filovirus
c. Filovirus
Filovirus.
I. Marburg Virus
II. Ebola Virus
III. Ebola Reston Virus
a. I, II, III
b. I, II
c. I, III
d. II, III
e. I
a. I, II, III
Causes hemorrhagic fever and first recognized as a cause of human disease in 1967 in Germany and Russia due to exposure to African green monkeys “Cercopithecus aethiops” from Uganda.
a. Marburg Virus
b. Ebola Virus
c. Ebola Reston Virus
a. Marburg Virus
Named for the river in Zaire that was the site of outbreak of hemorrhagic fever in 1976.
a. Marburg Virus
b. Ebola Virus
c. Ebola Reston Virus
b. Ebola Virus
Causes severe disease in humans and in non-human primates with 100% mortality (7 to 8 days) and transmitted through contact with patients' blood or secretions.
a. Marburg Virus
b. Ebola Virus
c. Ebola Reston Virus
b. Ebola Virus
1) Detected in 1989 from cynomolgus monkeys (Macara fascicularis) from the Philippines.
2) Infected 149 workers but did not became sick due to low pathogenicity for humans.
3) In 2008 it was found to have a high mortality rate among pigs in the Philippines, 5 humans became infected but remained healthy
a. Marburg Virus
b. Ebola Virus
c. Ebola Reston Virus
c. Ebola Reston Virus
Specific Filovirus in the Philippines which did not cause severe sickness due to low pathogenicity for Filipinos.
a. Marburg Virus
b. Ebola Virus
c. Ebola Reston Virus
d. Bundibugyo virus
c. Ebola Reston Virus
Filovirus except:
a. "Filo" means "thread" and refers to their long filaments.
b. Highly virulent viruses causing hemorrhagic fevers that usually ends in death.
c. Viruses with high mortality rates (25-90%) of all viral hemorrhagic fevers •
d. No known natural reservoir
e. Have a tropism for cells of the macrophage system, dendritic cells, interstitial fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.
f. None
f. None
Include Influenza virus.
a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS
b. PARAMYXOVIRUS
c. CORONAVIRUS
d. RHABDOVIRUS
e. RETROVIRUS
a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS
ORTHOMYXOVIRUS
a. "Myxo" refers to their affinity for mucins and "ortho" is added to distinguish them from the paramyxoviruses
b. Spread through air-borne transmission
c. Viruses deposit in lower respiratory tract, their primary site is the tracheobronchial mucosa
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
f. All
Influenza virus.
a. Contains two antigens: HA (Hemagglutinin active antigen) and NA (Neuraminidase active antigen)
b. Causes two types of antigenic changes: Antigenic shift and Antigenic drift
c. Causes Influenza, Pneumonia, and Reye's syndrome
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
f. All
Influenza virus antigens:
Necessary for viral absorption into the cell, binds with sialic acid found in CM of RBC to initiate the infection.
a. HA (Hemagglutinin active antigen)
b. NA (Neuraminidase active antigen)
a. HA (Hemagglutinin active antigen)
Influenza virus antigens:
Hydrolyzes neuraminic acid, important component of mucin, enhances the ability of the virus to infect the respiratory epithelium.
a. HA (Hemagglutinin active antigen)
b. NA (Neuraminidase active antigen)
b. NA (Neuraminidase active antigen)
Influenza virus antigenic change:
Major changes based on the reassortment of segments of its RNA, leads to pandemic disease.
a. Antigenic shift
b. Antigenic drift
a. Antigenic shift
Influenza virus antigenic change:
Minor changes based on mutations on the RNA, leads to endemic disease.
a. Antigenic shift
b. Antigenic drift
b. Antigenic drift
Classic influenza.
a. Influenza Type A
b. Influenza Type B
c. Influenza Type C
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
d. a and b
Influenza in humans only.
a. Influenza Type A
b. Influenza Type B
c. Influenza Type C
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
b. Influenza Type B
Common cold illness
a. Influenza Type A
b. Influenza Type B
c. Influenza Type C
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
c. Influenza Type C
Cough and Croup in children
a. Influenza Type A
b. Influenza Type B
c. Influenza Type C
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
a. Influenza Type A
Acute encephalopathy in children and adolescents (2 to 16 years of age); a complication with Influenza types A and B and VZV, occurring after use of salicylates.
a. Influenza
b. Pneumonia
c. Reye's syndrome
c. Reye's syndrome
Major respiratory pathogens among infants and young children which is related to orthomyxoviruses due to their spikes.
a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS
b. PARAMYXOVIRUS
c. CORONAVIRUS
d. RHABDOVIRUS
e. RETROVIRUS
b. PARAMYXOVIRUS
PARAMYXOVIRUS
I. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
II. Parainfluenza virus
III. Mumps virus
IV. Measles virus
a. I, II, III, IV
b. I, II, III
c. II, III, IV
d. I, II
e. III, IV
a. I, II, III, IV
Most important and the number one cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children wherein reinfection is common and appears as a common cold.
a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
b. Parainfluenza virus
c. Mumps virus
d. Measles virus
a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
It can also cause pneumonia, otitis media and recurrent episodes of wheezing illness (bronchiolitis)
a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
b. Parainfluenza virus
c. Mumps virus
d. Measles virus
a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Paramyxovirus that causes Newcastle disease, affects birds/poultry, and presents as nervous and respiratory signs and symptoms.
a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
b. Parainfluenza virus
c. Mumps virus
d. Measles virus
e. Avulavirus
e. Avulavirus
Avulavirus form that is highly virulent.
a. Velogenic
b. Mesogenic
c. Lentogenic
a. Velogenic
Avulavirus form that has intermediate virulence.
a. Velogenic
b. Mesogenic
c. Lentogenic
b. Mesogenic
Avulavirus form that is least to non-virulent.
a. Velogenic
b. Mesogenic
c. Lentogenic
c. Lentogenic
3rd leading cause of LRTI and URTI in children and adults including rhinitis and pharyngitis, laryngotracheitis, croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis), bronchiolitis, pneumonia.
a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
b. Parainfluenza virus
c. Mumps virus
d. Measles virus
b. Parainfluenza virus
Its most common complication is otitis media.
a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
b. Parainfluenza virus
c. Mumps virus
d. Measles virus
b. Parainfluenza virus
Causes croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) which manifested as barking cough usually at night.
a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
b. Parainfluenza virus
c. Mumps virus
d. Measles virus
b. Parainfluenza virus
Treatment of parainfluenza virus.
a. Tenofovir
b. B2 agonist
c. Oxymetazoline
d. Epinephrine
d. Epinephrine
Acute contagious disease characterized by non suppurative enlargement of one or both salivary glands and is also affects the parotid glands and prostate glands in males.
a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
b. Parainfluenza virus
c. Mumps virus
d. Measles virus
c. Mumps virus
For mumps virus, the old practice is to apply gentian violet dissolved in vinegar to produce a cooling effect and for prevention, MMR vaccine is given.
a. True
b. False
a. True
Also known as "rubeola virus" which is an acute, highly infectious disease characterized by fever, respiratory symptoms, and a maculopapular rash (Kopliks spots) which are white ulcerative lesions at the buccal mucosa but also affecting the head, body and down the extremities.
a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
b. Parainfluenza virus
c. Mumps virus
d. Measles virus
d. Measles virus
Causes rubeola or the 1st disease:
a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
b. Parainfluenza virus
c. Mumps virus
d. Measles virus
d. Measles virus
Measles virus usually ends up with complications like symptomatic encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and stillbirths and prevention is by MMR Vaccine.
a. True
b. False
a. True
MMR vaccine is given during outbreak at:
a. 3rd month
b. 6th month
c. 9th month
d. 12th month
b. 6 month
Without outbreak, MMR vaccine is given at:
a. 3rd month
b. 6th month
c. 9th month
d. 12th month
c. 9th month
Causes German measles.
a. Rubeola virus
b. Rubella virus
c. Human Metaphneumovirus
b. Rubella virus
Rubella virus.
a. Causes German measles or 3-day measles.
b. An acute febrile illness characterized by a rash and lymphadenopathy affecting children and young adults, mildest of common viral exanthems.
c. Infection during early pregnancy may result in serious complications like congenital rubella syndrome and mental retardation.
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
f. All
Mildest of common viral exanthems.
a. Rubeola virus
b. Rubella virus
c. Human Metaphneumovirus
b. Rubella virus
Specifically characterized by Forchheimer spots which are small spots in the soft palate.
a. Rubeola virus
b. Rubella virus
c. Human Metaphneumovirus
b. Rubella virus - German measles
Congenital Rubella syndrome include:
a. Cataract
b. Cardiac defect
c. Congenital deafness
d. a and b
e. All
e. All
A respiratory pathogen which can cause mild upper respiratory symptoms to severe lower respiratory symptoms among patients who have negative test results for known respiratory viruses and was first described in 2001.
a. Rubeola virus
b. Rubella virus
c. Human Metaphneumovirus
c. Human Metaphneumovirus
Has permanent halo of spikes protruding from the envelope and cause of common colds, lower respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis in infants.
a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS
b. PARAMYXOVIRUS
c. CORONAVIRUS
d. RHABDOVIRUS
e. RETROVIRUS
c. CORONAVIRUS
Zoonotic CORONAVIRUSES.
a. MERS-CoV
b. SARS-CoV1
c. SARS-CoV2
d. a and b
e. All
e. All
Specific cause of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.
a. MERS-CoV
b. SARS-CoV1
c. SARS-CoV2
c. SARS-CoV2
DOH classification of COVID-19 except
a. Not COVID-19 Case
b. Suspect
c. Probable
d. Confirmed
e. None
e. None
Viral vector COVID-19 vaccine that uses a harmless virus which is altered to contain part of COVID-19's genetic code.
I. AstraZeneca
II. Sputnik V
III. J and J
IV. Pfizer
V. Moderna
VI. Sinopharm
VII. Sinovac
VIII. Bharat
IX. Novovax
a. I, II, III
b. IV, V
c. VI, VII, VIII
d. IX
e. I, II, V
a. I, II, III
AstraZeneca
Sputnik V
J&J
mRNA (nucleic acid) COVID-19 vaccine that contain synthetic version of part of COVID-19 virus genetic code specifically mRNA.
I. AstraZeneca
II. Sputnik V
III. J and J
IV. Pfizer
V. Moderna
VI. Sinopharm
VII. Sinovac
VIII. Bharat
IX. Novovax
a. I, II, III
b. IV, V
c. VI, VII, VIII
d. IX
e. I, II, V
b. IV, V
Pfizer
Moderna
Whole virus COVID-19 vaccine that contain a weakened or inactivated version of the COVID-19 virus.
I. AstraZeneca
II. Sputnik V
III. J and J
IV. Pfizer
V. Moderna
VI. Sinopharm
VII. Sinovac
VIII. Bharat
IX. Novovax
a. I, II, III
b. IV, V
c. VI, VII, VIII
d. IX
e. I, II, V
c. VI, VII, VIII
Sinopharm
Sinovac
Bharat
A protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine that uses pieces of the COVID-19 virus sometimes fragments of the spike protein.
I. AstraZeneca
II. Sputnik V
III. J and J
IV. Pfizer
V. Moderna
VI. Sinopharm
VII. Sinovac
VIII. Bharat
IX. Novovax
a. I, II, III
b. IV, V
c. VI, VII, VIII
d. IX
e. I, II, V
d. IX
Novovax
Drugs that showed little or no effect on COVID-19 hospitalized patient except:
a. Lopinavir + Ritonavir
b. Hydroxychloroquine
c. Azithromycin
d. Convalescent plasma
e. Aspirin, Colchicine
f. None of these
f. None of these
Drugs that can reduce the mortality of COVID-19 hospitalized patient.
a. Low dose Dexamethasone
b. Tocilizumab
c. Regeneron's antibody cocktail
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
f. All
Regeneron's antibody cocktail include:
a. Tocilizumab
b. Casirivimab
c. Imdevimab
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
e. b and c
Regen-COV2
a. Tocilizumab
b. Casirivimab
c. Imdevimab
d. Remdesivir
c. Imdevimab
A novel coronavirus that originated in a nonhuman was identified and caused a worldwide outbreak of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003.
a. True
b. False
a. True
A bullet-shaped virus that causes rabies which is an acute infection of the CNS that is almost always fatal.
a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS
b. PARAMYXOVIRUS
c. CORONAVIRUS
d. RHABDOVIRUS
e. RETROVIRUS
d. RHABDOVIRUS
Transmitted to humans from the bite of a rabid animal and common reservoirs are dogs, bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes.
a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS
b. PARAMYXOVIRUS
c. CORONAVIRUS
d. RHABDOVIRUS
e. RETROVIRUS
d. RHABDOVIRUS
Phases or Rabies:
Usually lasts for 2 to 10 days showing symptoms of malaise, anorexia, HA, photophobia, N and V, sore throat and fever, abnormal sensation in wound bite.
a. Prodromal Phase
b. Neurologic Phase
c. Coma Phase
a. Prodromal Phase
Phases or Rabies:
Lasts for 2 to 7 days showing CNS dysfunctions like nervousness, apprehension, hallucinations and bizarre behaviors, general sympathetic activity, hydrophobia, aerophobia, swallowing precipitates a painful spasm of the throat muscles.
a. Prodromal Phase
b. Neurologic Phase
c. Coma Phase
b. Neurologic Phase
Phases or Rabies:
Convulsive seizures, coma and death
a. Prodromal Phase
b. Neurologic Phase
c. Coma Phase
c. Coma Phase
Rabies virus contact:
• Touching/feeding animals, lick on intact skin.
• No post exposure prophylaxis
a. Category I
b. Category II
c. Category III
a. Category I
Rabies virus contact:
• Nibbling or minor scratches without bleeding.
• Rabies vaccine is required
a. Category I
b. Category II
c. Category III
b. Category II
Rabies virus contact:
• Bites or scratches with bleeding, licks on broken skin.
• Rabies vaccine + IgG antibodies is required
a. Category I
b. Category II
c. Category III
c. Category III
Contain reverse transcriptase and RNA-directed DNA polymerase and cause tumors of the reticuloendothelial and hematopoietic systems (leukemia, lymphoma) or of connective tissue (sarcoma).
a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS
b. PARAMYXOVIRUS
c. CORONAVIRUS
d. RHABDOVIRUS
e. RETROVIRUS
e. RETROVIRUS
RETROVIRUS.
I. Human T-Lymphotropic virus
II. Human Immunodeficiency virus
a. I, II
b. I
c. II
a. I, II
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus.
a. Exist in humans and have a tropism for matured T-cells.
b. Causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia lymphomas (ATL)
c. Associated with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), characterized by progressive weakness of the legs and lower body.
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
f. All
Causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia lymphomas (ATL).
a. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus
b. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
a. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus
Associated with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), characterized by progressive weakness of the legs and lower body.
a. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus
b. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
a. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus
True about Human Immunodeficiency Virus except:
a. Derived from a primate lentivirus common in Africa
b. Includes HIV-1 and HIV-2
c. Transmitted during sexual contact, parenteral exposure to contaminated blood or blood products, and from mother to child during perinatal period
d. Once infected, individuals remain infected for life
e. None
e. None
HIV virulent factor that is fusion protein.
a. gp41
b. gp120
c. Reverse transcriptase
d. Integrase
e. Protease
a. gp41
HIV virulent factor that is attachment protein.
a. gp41
b. gp120
c. Reverse transcriptase
d. Integrase
e. Protease
b. gp120
HIV virulent factor that coverts RNA to DNA.
a. gp41
b. gp120
c. Reverse transcriptase
d. Integrase
e. Protease
c. Reverse transcriptase
HIV virulent factor that incorporates viral DNA to host DNA.
a. gp41
b. gp120
c. Reverse transcriptase
d. Integrase
e. Protease
d. Integrase
HIV virulent factor that cleaves newly synthesized HIV proteins to activate them.
a. gp41
b. gp120
c. Reverse transcriptase
d. Integrase
e. Protease
e. Protease
HIV infection stage including flu like symptoms which is only self limiting.
a. Acute HIV syndrome
b. Latent HIV
c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
a. Acute HIV syndrome
HIV infection stage which is asymptomatic but CD4 count is slowly declining. Can last for 10 years.
a. Acute HIV syndrome
b. Latent HIV
c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
b. Latent HIV
Final stage of HIV infection which already include opportunistic infection and AIDS-defining illness.
a. Acute HIV syndrome
b. Latent HIV
c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
