Anatomy Final Exam

study of joints and their movements

arthrology

a point of contact between bones, bone/cartilage, between bone/teeth

articulation

covers the ends of bones

articular cartilage

protective structure surrounding a synovial joint, composed of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.

articular capsule

reduces friction between strucutres in a joint

bursa

located outside the articular capsule; ex: patellar ligament

extracapsular ligaments

located within the articular capsule but the folds of the synovial membrane separate it from the synovial capsule

intracapsular ligament

pads of fibrocartilage that are between the meeting surfaces of bones and attached to the fibrous capsule

articular disc/meniscus

ligaments are overstretched or torn

sprain

bones come out of alignment

dislocation

the structural classification of joints in based on what two criteria

• presence/absence of a synovial cavity

• type of connective tissue that binds the bonds together

bones held together by fibrous connective tissue, contain collagen fibers

fibrous joints

bones are held together by cartilage with no synovial cavity

cartilaginous joints

joints that have a synovial cavity, joined by dense inrregular connective tissue, and often gave accesory ligaments

synovial joints

immovable joint

synarthrosis

slightly moveable joint

amphiarthrosis

freely moveable joint that permits several different types of movement

diarthrosis

fibrous joint with a greater space between two connecting bones and with more fibrous connective tissue

syndesmosis

fibrous joint composes of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue; interlocking edges decreases chances of breaking

suture

a cone shaped peg fits in a socket; such as teeth

gomphosis

cartilaginous joint where the connecting material in hyaline cartilage

synchondrosis

cartilaginous joint where the ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but bones are connected by a flat disc of fibrocartilage, all occur at the midline of the body

symphysis

• carpals and tarsals

• undergo gliding movements (side/side or back/forth)

• articulating sides are flat/curved

planar joint

• convex side of one bone interlocks with the concave side of another bone

• elbow, fingers/phalanges, knee

• motion around a single axis

• go through flexion/extension only

hinge joint

• radius, ulna, neck

• rounded portion of one bone connects with the ring of another bone

• rotation around a longitudinal axis

pivot joint

• oval shaped projection fits into depression of another bone

• flexion/extension and adduction/abduction

condyloid joint

• side/side and back/front

• one bone is saddle shaped and sits on top of the rounded portion of another bone

• ankle

• motions are biaxial

saddle joint

• multiaxial/all planes of movement

• shoulder and hip

• ball like portion of one bone fits into the socket of another

ball and socket joint

flat bone surfaces move side/side and front/back, takes place at planar joints only

gliding

decreasing the angle of a joint

flexion

increasing the angle of a joint

extension

pulling/moving a bone away from the midline

abduction

adding bone/moving bone back towards the midline

adduction

movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle

circumduction

bones rotating around a longitudinal axis

rotation

pulling of toes up/bending ankle up

dorsiflexion

pointing toes; pulling toes more distal

plantar flexion

turning of palms anteriorly; palms up

supination

turning of palms posteriorly; palms down

pronation

what are the two intracapsular ligaments of the knee

ACL and PCL

4 main tendons that encircle the shoulder joint

rotator cuff

allows for a deeper cavity/movement in the shoulder

glenoid labrum

study of muscles

myology

muscle tension without shortening the muscle

isometric contraction

muscle tension that is constant and shortens the muscle

isotonic contraction

connects muscle to bone and attaches to periosteum of bone

tendon

flat connective tissue that functions as a tendon

aponeurosis

occurs during muscle contraction in which myosin heads pull actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere

powerstroke

muscle in charge of the major force in the movement

prime mover

supporting muscles that aid the prime mover and help add force

synergist

opposing muscle working in reverse

anatagonist

4 properties of muscle tissue

• electrical excitablity

• contractility

• extensibility

• elasticity

• smallest in diameter

• fewest myofibrils

• least powerful of muscle fibers

• dark red in appearance (heavy myoglobin)

• heavy on mitochondria/ATP

slow oxidative fibers

• intermediate in diameter

• large amounts of myoglobin (pink in color)

• generates ATP through aerobic respiration

• more power contractions

fast oxidative fibers

• largest in diameter

• white in appearance

• low myoglobin

• most power contractions

• fatigues most quickly

• uses glucose to produce ATP

fast glycolytic fibers

oxygen storage for muscle tissue

myoglobin

muscle shortens pulling on another structure to produce movement

concentric isotonic contraction

length of muscle is increasing during contraction; controlled movement against tension

eccentric isotonic contraction

how we name muscles

• location

• shape

• function

• direction of fibers

• number of origins

• location of attachments

supporting cells of the nervous system

neuroglial cells

has myelinated axons

white matter

has unmyelinated axons

gray matter

helps maintain homeostasis and regaining original ionic conditions for a neuron

sodium potassium pump

no gates are open, no movement of ions, no action potential

resting membrane potential

working memory, closed neuronal circuit, circuit is stimulated over and over, when impulse flow ceases so does memory

short term memory

changes structure/function of neurons, enhances synaptic function

long term memory

what is a

frontal lobe

what is b

insula

what is c

temporal lobe

what is d

parietal lobe

what is e

occipital lobe

• interprets sensory information and depth perception of body parts

• helps maintain posture

• coordination of skeletal muscle

cerebellum

what is a

epicardium

what is b

myocardium

what is c

endocardium

what is h

rectus abdominus

what is g

pectoralis major

what is f

deltoid

what is i

trapezius

what is j

latissimus dorsi

what is k

bicep

what is l

tricep

what is a

sternocleidomastoid

what is b

orbicularis oculi

what is c

orbicularis oris

what is d

platysma

what is e

masseter

what is q

gluteus maximus

what is r

biceps femoris

what is s

semitendinosus

what is t

semimembranosus

what is p

sartorius

what is n

rectus femoris

what is m

vastus lateralis

what is o

vastus medialis