Lab 9: Neurology - Histologyn Brain Anatomy, and Radiology

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, and Brain Stem

What are the four parts of the brain?

cerebrum

largest region of the brain

longitudinal fissure

divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres

lateralization

specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebrum

gyrus

fold in the cerebral cortex

sulcus

shallow groove in the cerebral cortex

corpus callosum

white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

gray matter

forms the outer convoluted surface of the cerebral hemispheres and the foliated surface of the cerebellum

white matter

lies deep in to the cerebral and cerebellar cortices

cortical gray matter

made of multipolar neuron cell bodies and attendant dendrites

pyrimidal cells

Located in the cerebral cortex; pyramid-shaped cells that conduct impulses down the brainstem into the spinal cord

1. molecular layer

2. outer granular layer

3. outer pyrimidal cell layer

4. inner granular layer

5. inner pyramindal and polymorphic layer

five basic layers of the cerebral cortex

1. molecular layer of cerebral cortex

contains mainly dendrites synapsing withcorical neuron axons.

2. outer granular layer

mostly made up of stellate eclls, axons, and dendrites.

3. outer pyramidial cell layer

mostly made up of pyramidal cells that increase in size as you move deeper into the layer.

4. inner granular layer

mostly made of densely packed stellate cells

5. inner pyramidal and polymorphic layer

mostly composed of large pyramidal cells in the more superficial portion of the layer and a wide variety of cell morphologies in the deepest parts of the layers.

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

three parts of the diencephalon

thalamus

relay station for incoming information, such as sensory information or integration inforation.

hypothalamus

autonomic control center, center for emotional response, body temperature regulation, regulation of food intake, regulation of water balance and thirst, regulation of sleep wake cycles, and control of the endocrine system functioning.

infundibulum

stalk of hypothalamic tissue that connects to the pituitary gland

epithalamus

where the pineal gland is located

melatonin

pineal gland secretes what?

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

________________ of the hypothalamus controls the pineal gland

cerebellum

located dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongota

cerebellum

part of the brain that functions in coordination of complex movements.

1. molecular layer

2. purkinje layer

3. granular layer

layers of the cerebellum going from superficial to deep

basket cells and stellate cells

moleuclar layer of cerebellum is made up of

medulla oblongota, pons, and brain stem

three main parts of the brain stem

I. olfactory nerve

II. optic nerve

VIII. vestibulocochelar nerve

name the cranial nerves that are sensory only

III. oculomotor nerve

IV. trochlear nerve

VI. abducens nerve

XI. spinal accessory nerve

XII. hypoglossal nerve

name the cranial nerves that are motor only

V. trigeminal nerve

VII. facial nerve

IX. glossopharyngeal nerve

X. vagus nerve

name the cranial nerves that are both motor and sensory

I. olfactory nerve

II. optic nerve

III. oculomotor nerve

IV. trochlear nerve

V. trigeminal nerve

VI. abducens nerve

VII. facial nerve

VIII. vestibulocochlear nerve

IX. glossopharyngeal nerve

X. vagus nerve

XI. spinal accessory nerve

XII. hypoglossal nerve

all cranial nerves in order

Olfactory Nerve (I)

sensory, smell

Optic Nerve (II)

sensory, vision

Oculomotor Nerve (III)

motor, eye movement. four of six extrinsic muscles

Trochlear Nerve (IV)

motor, eye movement. one extrinsic muscle

Trigeminal Nerve (V)

both, largest of the cranial nerves. supplies sensory fibers ot the face and chewing muscles

Abducens Nerve (VI)

motor, lateral eye movement

Facial Nerve (VII)

both, facial expression and anterior 2/3 tongue

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)

sensory, hearing and balance

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

both, taste and swallowing

Vagus Nerve (X)

both, only cranial nerve to extend beyond the head and neck

Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI)

motor, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle movement

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

motor, tongue movement

olfactory

#1

optic

#2

oculomotor

#3

trochlear

#4

trigeminal

#5

abducens

#6

facial

#7

vestibulocochlear

#8

glossopharyngeal

#9

vagus

#10

spinal accessory

#11

hypoglossal

#12

thalamus

1

occipital lobe

2

pineal gland

3

fourth ventricle

4

cerebellum

5

spinal cord

6

parietal lobe

7

corpus callosum

8

septum pellucidum

9

frontal lobe

10

hypothalamus

11

optic chiasm

12

pituitary gland

13

pons

14

medulla oblongata

15