ANTH 107 final study guide

One goal of this class is to recognize our own (Blank) so that you better understand yourself.

ethnocentrism

The textbook explains that a (Blank) has caused trouble in many places, including Afghanistan and Nigeria where central governments face major challenges in maintaining peace and order because the different groups operate by different sets of rules.

Pluralistic Society

Your book notes that; "Especially since the Paleolithic period, humans have increasingly come to depend on (Blank), a complex of ideas,technologies, and activities that enables them to survive and even thrive in their environment."

Cultural Adaptation

According to lecture, culture is mostly adaptive, generally integrated, and always (Blank).

changing

Common origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs are examples from the Amish culture of cultural features that may distinguish an (Blank)

Ethnic group

The principal that calls for suspension of judgment in order to understand customs,

values and beliefs from another culture is called (Blank)

Cultural Relativism

While a negative ethnocentrism view sees behavior in another society's cultures as "wrong" and the positive ethnocentrism view sees another societies behavior as "superior," we talked in lecture about how both have the same net effect of dehumanizing the other society's culture. True or False

True.

Culture is the shared and learned ideas that determine all behavior of modern humans, that is, even those behaviors not reproduced in the society. True or False

False.

Your textbook describes the marriage system of the (Blank first blank) , where men have several wives who raise pigs and generate wealth, as interconnected with the culture of warfare, which causes a disproportionate female to male population ratio. This is used to exemplify that many aspects of culture are (Blank second blank).

Kapauku, integrated

Most often, anthropologists will study a particular aspect of a culture in isolation in order to accurately define that behavior. True or False

False

An anthropologist from New Guinea society studying the culture of an Amish community from the midwest United States would inherently study that community with an emic point of view while an Amish person from within that community would see their own culture with an etic view. True or False

False

Socially learned behavior is a uniquely human characteristic. True False

False

A symbol is something that is arbitrarily linked to and meaningfully representative of something else. Which of the following could potentially become a symbol? (Select all that apply.)

Teeth, Animals, Jewelry, Sounds

Each of the following is an example of (matching):
learning to use a fork
a fire-truck siren
calling someone "uncultured"
Amish in the United States

learning to use a fork-Enculturation
a fire-truck siren-Symbol
calling someone "uncultured"- Ethnocentrism
Amish in the United States-Subculture

The book explains that the difference between creation stories and evolution is that evolution explains the diversity of life using scientific language and (Blank) . (Choose best answer using the textbook)

testable ideas (hypotheses)

According to the textbook, the similarity between a bat wing and a butterfly wing is an example of a (Blank) whereas the similarity between a bat wing and a human hand is an example of a (Blank)

analogous structure, homologous structure

In your textbook the authors note that Gregor Mendel studied [ Blank ] and found that alleles of certain traits have a [ Blank ] relationship.

peas, dominant-recessive

Your textbook notes that in order for (Blank) to direct protein synthesis, information must first be converted into a molecule that contains uracil instead of thymine.

DNA

The textbook uses the example of refugees in Africa to explain how DNA testing is not the only mechanism for determining the members of a (Blank)

Family

A (Blank) is an observable physical trait that may or may not be reflected by a particular (Blank) due to the variable expression of dominant and recessive alleles.

phenotype, genotype

A cline is a frequency distribution of an allele across space, usually shown on a map. True or False

True.

Mitosis differs from meiosis in that daughter cells resulting from mitosis:

are identical to the parent cell

A population was defined in lecture as a group of people who reside within the same geographic region but do not interbreed. True or False

False

(Blank) is common and makes it possible for organisms to evolve by altering an organism's genetic material.

Mutation.

While (Blank first blank) might impact a small population through a chance event like a killer forest fire, (Blank second blank) between its populations can be affected by mountain ranges or cultural controls.

Genetic drift, Gene flow

For natural selection to take place, variation must be present within a population (choose best answer).

Variation

1.The evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others
2.Used by scientists to construct explanations for physical and cultural changes through time
3.The process by which a society's culture is passed on from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society.
4.A form of genetic drift deriving from a small immigrant population not possessing all the alleles present in the original population.
5.The first requirement for evolutionary change to take place.
6.The portions of DNA molecules that direct the synthesis of specific proteins

1. Natural Selection
   2. Evolutionary Theory
   3. Enculturation
   4. Founders Effect
   5. Variation
   6. Genes

A fossil deposited below another fossil could be considered older, this is an example of absolute dating. Assigning a potassium-argon date to layers above and below a fossil layer would be an example of relative dating. True or False

False.

Humans are part of which Genus?

Homo.

The book explains that lemurs were traditionally considered prosimians until genetic evidence revealed they were more closely related to anthropoids. True or False

False.

Hominoids are characterized to have relatively large (Blank) a shortened, deep trunk, a stable spine, a specialized shoulder, and a longer period of (Blank)

Body size, Infant dependency

Gibbons, siamangs, orangutans, gorillas, and humans and their ancestors are all examples of Anthropoids. True or False

True.

From lecture, Allen's Rule states animal populations with short limbs tend to live in cold climates. True or False

True.

Primates have five major defining features, including large brains relative to body size, arboreal adaptations, an emphasis on vision over smell, an emphasis on social behavior, and (Blank).

reproductive systems that favor quality over quantity

Ceboids are (Blank) monkeys and have (Blank) tails.

New World, prehensile

In the lecture, hair color, ear wax quantity, and eye color were used as examples of (Blank) neutral genetic traits and not indicative of the location where the gene pool evolved.

Arbitrary

In lecture, it was noted that there are no scientific determinants of race because all humans are from the same (Blank), and are therefore are all fundamentally equal in ability (choose best answer).

Subspecies

The textbook describes that the Fair Sentencing Act as (Blank)

an attempt to address structural violence

The ability to digest (Blank) is a result of a long history of dairying by certain populations.

lactose

Different blood types in humans are an example of (Blank)

Polymorphism

Provide a thoughtful answer to the following answer (4-5 sentences depending on the quality of your sentences). Have you ever witnessed an incident of discrimination? What was done, if anything, or what should have been done? (Choose only a situation that you feel comfortable discussing.)

I have. (Write answer down on test.)

Proconsul, Dryopitcheucs and Sivapeithecus lived on three different Old World continents during the Miocene and are examples of:

Adaptive Radiation of apes during the Miocene Epoch

I am a small, insect eater with very primitive molars and very small bones. I am one of the earliest primates, as early as the Cretaceous Period, and received a leg up on the planet due to a large meteor strike that ended the age of dinosaurs. I am known as (Blank).

Purgatorius

(Blank) is the fossil example of the catarrhines, thought to be ancestors to Old World monkeys, apes, and human beings.

Aegyptopithicus

Neanderthals belong to the Genus Homo, but would be unable to reproduce viable offspring with Homo sapiens (modern humans). True or False

False.

Change in brain size amongst hominids came before the change in the hominin pelvis. True or False

False.

The book explains that definitively classifying a hominoid fossil as part of a human evolutionary line requires evidence of (Blank)

Bipedalism

The textbook describes the anatomical changes that occur in the skeletons with bipedal locomotion, including the forward foramen magnum position, a series of convex and concave curves in the spinal column, and a wider, foreshortened pelvis True or False

True

Robust australopithecines are differentiated from gracile australopithecines in that robust australopithecines have (choose all that apply):

wide zygomatic arches, large molars, boney ridge along the saggital crest

The multiregional hypothesis posits that all modern humans originated from a single population of archaic Homo sapiens who replaced all other archaic forms after migrating out of Africa 100,000 years ago. True or False

False.

Match each bipedal relative to their approximate temporal range, according to dates given in your textbook.

Anatomically Modern Humans-200,000 years ago to present
Ardipithecus- 5.8 to 4.4 million years ago
Austrolopithecus- 4.3 to 1.1 million years ago
Neanderthals- 125.000 to 30,000 years ago
Denisovans- 50.000 to 30,000 years ago
Homo erectus- 2 million to 500,000 years ago

Hominin cultural evolution appears as stone tools in the archaeological record in the (Blank) period.

Paleolithic

These two stone tool traditions occur during the Lower Paleolithic. The (Blank first blank) tradition is older and principally consists of core tools with limited flake use and the users were fairly opportunistic, and the (Blank second blank) tradition is associated with Homo erectus and the hallmark of this tradition is the hand axe.

Oldowan, Acheulean

The textbook describes the (Blank) tool tradition as a tool industry of the Neanderthals and their contemporaries of Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa from 40,000 to 125,000 years ago.

Mousterian

The first use of controlled fire by human ancestors is thought to date back to Miocene Epoch. True or False

False

According to your textbook, human ancestors were producing art as early as 35,000 years ago, as evidenced by carved figurines and paintings found in Europe. True or False

True

Match the definitions to the most appropriate term:
1. The smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language
2. In your textbook, the development of different languages from a single ancestral language.
3. A group of languages descended from a single ancestral language
4. The study of nonverbal signals in body language including facial expressions and bodily postures and motions.

1. Phonemes
   2. Language Divergence
   3. Language Family
   4. Kinesics

The textbook explains that the Rosetta Stone is important to linguistics because:

It tells the same royal decree in three languages

Non-human primates have shown to be incapable of using any kind of language because they do not have the vocal organs or equipment necessary for speech. True or False

False

All societies have language at the same level of development, all languages have grammatical complexity, and all languages have about the same size of core vocabulary. True or False

True

(Blank) is the food producing strategy that involves breeding and managing of migratory herds of domesticated grazing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, llamas, and camels.

Pastoralism

The cultivation of crops in food gardens is called (Blank) and is carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks and hoes.

Horticulture

According to the textbook, industrial societies have machines and mass production of food in large factories, though human labor, hand tools, and animal power still play a more significant role. True or False

False

The textbook explains that the demise of the Rapanui, a group that settled on Easter Island about 800 years ago, can be attributed to periodic famine, chronic warfare, and rat infestation, among other natural and cultural factors. True or false

True

Small-scale producers of crops or livestock living on land self-owned or rented in exchange for labor, crops, money and exploited by more powerful groups in a complex society are:

Peasants

The concept of transhumance can be exemplified by:

driving sheep to different grazing areas seasonally

A potlatch is an example of a (Blank first blank) that may play a part in a (Blank second blank) economy.

leveling mechanism, prestige

Taking a friend out for dinner with a direct obligation of prompt reciprocation of equal value is called generalized reciprocity. True or False

False

Researchers can infer that a plant has been domesticated by studying changes in that plant's seed or grain size. True or False

True

In the Old World, the period marked by the production of tools and ornaments made from a mixture of copper and tin collected through skilled labor, mining, and metalsmithing, began about 5,000 years ago in China, the Mediterranean, and South Asia and 5,500 years ago in Southwest Asia. This period is called the:

Bronze Age

Your textbook notes that corn was able to grow in environments different from where it was domesticated due to its genetic (Blank)

Plasticity

Of the examples described in lecture and in the textbook, which is NOT a reason for population increase during the Neolithic?

Major changes in environment made the temperature more accommodating for infants and elders

The textbook describes Michael Pollen as a U.S. environmentalist who suggests that humans were the domesticators of plants and animals and that domestication had no effects on humans. True or False

False

Match each plant or animal to its location of early domestication:
Sunflower-
Bean-
Tomato-
Sugarcane-
Silkworm-

Sunflower-North America
Bean-Central America
Tomato-South America
Sugarcane-Southeast Asia
Silkworm-China

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the expansion of civilization?

Agriculture increases the birth spacing, encouraging people from other populations to move into the more advanced civilizations

The book describes which complex civilization that had no conventional writing form, instead used ingenious coding systems of colored strings with notes to keep public records and historical chronicles?

Inca

Irrigation canals, pyramids, planned cities and bath houses are all archaeological evidence for:

Public works

In anthropology, a (Blank) is a society in which large numbers of people live in cities, are socially stratified, and are governed by a ruling elite working through centrally organized political systems.

Civilization

In the textbook, Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern Europe were forced to live in overpopulated urban ghettos where tuberculosis was so common that it triggered a genetic response in the form of the (Blank) allele.

Tay-Sachs

The textbook describes evidence of civilization in Tikal discovered by archaeologists, This evidence includes:

Maya glyphs that show evidence of centralized power that was able to enforce public works
Obsidian, pottery, and shell tool making workshops indicate occupational specialists
Careful fertilization, intensive cultivation and irrigation canals as evidence for intense agriculture

Early civilizations were able to reduce the occurrence of diseases like smallpox and measles, which had larger effects on smaller villages. True or False

False

In the textbook, the Terra Cotta Warriors were given as examples of [gravegoods] that indicate the high status of the Emporer.

Grave Goods

In the text book, the transition from Neolithic villages life to civilized urban centers is characterized by four basic cultural changes: agricultural innovation, centralized government, social stratification, and (Blank)

Division of Labor

In the textbook, the regional hypothesis is an ecological theory that posits that the development of civilization was driven by environmental conditions.

NOT regional hypothesis

According to the textbook, child care and house cleaning paid for in cash may be part of (Blank), because a marketable service is being bought and sold outside of government control.

an informal economy

According to lecture, an (Blank) is the social and material techniques for resource acquisition, transformation, and distribution.

Economic System

As described by the lecture and textbook, the potlatch is a means of (Blank) that Northwest coast tribes practice to gain prestige by giving away accumulated valuables (choose best answer).

redistribution

Pieces of copper, shells, and cacao beans are examples of types of (Blank) that are used in (Blank)

money, Market Exchange

A type of reciprocity that is not fair or balanced, where an individual/group is actively seeking to get something for as little as possible.

Negative Reciprocity

According to the lecture, all societies, to some degree, have a (Blank) exemplified in the textbook by Ju/'hoansi children not being expected to contribute to gathering efforts.

Division of Labor

The concept of private land ownership occurs where resources are:

Abundant and predictable

Resource transformation process requirements depend on:

NOT Reciprocity and redistribution

According to the textbook, conspicuous consumption is:

Seen through the display of symbolic prestige items
Exemplified by the potlatch ritual where the village chief publicly distributes stockpiled food
A strong motivator for the distribution of wealth
All of the Above-Correct

Which of the following is NOT a pattern found in the distribution of labor resources, according to the textbook?

Division of labor by region

Cross culturally, there are specific gender roles that are always exclusively male or female. True or False

False.

The textbook uses the (Blank) to describe changes in gendered divisions of labor between groups who continue to practice traditional hunting and gathering, where equality among men and women is emphasized, and groups forced into permanent villages, where men and women take on traditionally masculine and feminine roles.

Ju/'hoansi

National character studies were considered flawed for the following reasons (choose all that apply):

generalizations were based on small sample sizes
flawed assumptions were made about developmental psychology

Bulimia nervosa is an example given in the textbook of a (Blank)

NOT universal illness

The following theories listed in lecture have been posited to explain patterning in gender roles. Match each to its associated assumption.
1. Male-dominated activities require physical strength because males are stronger.
2. Female-dominated activities are easily interrupted and low-risk because children are dependent on mothers for care.
3. Male-dominated activities are more dangerous because men are expendable.

1. Strength Theory
   2. Compatibility with Child Care
   3. Expendability Theory

(Blank) people do not name their children until they begin to speak, exemplifying the diversity of naming practices across cultures.

Aymara Indian