BIO - Chapter 2 (2.1, 2.2, 2.3)

Matter

is any substance that occupies space and has mass

Element

a molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions

compare the ways in which elements can be donated or shared between atoms

Electrons can be transferred, shared, or cause charge disparities between atoms to create bonds, including ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds, as well as van der Waals interactions.

Describe the interrelationship between protons, neutrons, electrons

Protons have +p , electrons have a -e, neutrons have 0 charge. both protons and neutrons can be found at the atomic nucleus while electrons are around the nucleus

explain the ways in which naturally occurring elements combine to create molecules, cells, tissues, organ systems, and organisms

organisms consist of naturally occurring elements to form a molecule which organizes into cells, tissues, organ systems, and organisms that combine to create functioning elements

describe the properties of water that are critical to maintaining life

water is cohesive, adhesive which allows for surface tensions, has high heat of vaporization and high specific heat

explain why water is an excellent solvent

water is polar, with slight positive and negative charges, ionic compounds and polar molecules can readily dissolve in it.

provide examples of water's cohesive properties

A water drop is composed of water molecules that like to stick together

provide examples of water's adhesive properties

the water droplets are stuck to another object (water droplets on leaves)

discuss the role of acids in homeostasis

Acids dissociate into H+ and lower pH

discuss the role of bases in homeostasis

bases dissociate into OH− and raise pH

discuss the role of buffers in homeostasis

buffers can absorb these excess ions (H⁺ or OH^–) to maintain pH levels

explain why carbon is important for life

its main element in organic compounds which is sustain life and has the ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules

describe the role of functional groups in biological molecules

They play an important role in formation of molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Gives molecules its properties, regardless of what molecule contains it

Ionic bonds

strongest bond, transfers electrons from one atom to another

Covalent bonds

shares electrons between atoms

hydrogen bonds

Occurs only if a —— bonds with N, F, or O. Is a weak interaction with partial bonds

Van der waals

Individually weak and occur only when molecules are very close

hydrophobic

water fearing, nonpolar solutes and solvents (Ex: oil)

hydrophilic

water affinity, polar solutes and solvents

Basic electron configuration

describe how electrons are distributed in its atomic orbitals

electron orbitals

show how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus, the area we’ll most likely find an electron

Concept of carbon dating?

method of age determination that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of radiocarbon (C-14)

Can you describe the relationship between pH and OH- and H+ ions?

They are related to each other as they will tell you if a solution is acidic or basic

Why is carbon central to organic molecules?

The unique properties of it make it the central part of biological molecules.

What other elements beside carbon makeup most of organic material?

Oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen binded to carbon allow it to form many molecules important for cellular function