Social Studies: Module 3, Section 3

Civilizations

are peaceful developments of communities of people living together.

Ancient civilizations

are the communities that first occurred and grew into nations, states, and empires. 

Agriculture

or the invention of farming, was the basis for the development of civilizations. Settlements were established on fertile lands near rivers, where people could control food production. Though various contributions are attributed to different ancient civilizations, many of these civilizations formed in the same fashion.

Mesopotamia

part of the modern-day Middle East, was one of the first civilizations to form. Using irrigation technology to farm the river valley, towns grew into city-states. They helped develop writing, the calendar guided by the moon phases, and the principles of a centralized government.

Ancient Egypt

was settled along the Nile River in modern-day northeastern Africa. This ancient civilization paved the way for the advancement of architecture, medicine, and math. The Great Pyramids are examples of the large-scale architecture _____ is well known for. _______ developed complex governments and religious systems. ______ pioneered a system of writing called hieroglyphics on papyrus paper, which was the model for which modern-day alphabets were built. They invented a way of telling time, using a sundial and water clock, and are attributed with the invention of the 365-day calendar. 

Ancient China

also grew along river banks of the Huang He River.  The _____ built the Great Wall of ______, made cloth from silk, developed a flood control system, and developed their own form of written language that is still used today. Inventions contributing to modern life include gunpowder, kites, and the compass. The terracotta warriors are also a key feature of ancient _____.

Ancient Greece

formed along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Ancient _____ built beautiful architecture, like the Parthenon, from the mountain stone. The ____ were incredible storytellers and would depict their tales on their pottery. Ancient ______ admired the human body and athletic feats, which led to the marathon and the Olympics.  ______ was the birthplace of democracy, with their ideas surrounding “direct democracy” giving the people (men) power to vote on all decisions. _______ took part in the incredibly long Persian War that the infamous Achilles fought.  

Ancient Rome

was greatly influenced by their Greek neighbors and built upon what the Greeks established in their culture. The improvement (not invention) of the arch in architecture was attributed to the ____ and observed in their aqueducts that brought water from high in the mountains down to their cities. The _____ ideals of democracy were formed as a republic or representative democracy. Representative democracy means officials were elected to make decisions for the people they represent. Our government is based on ancient ______ democratic ideas. 

Native American Tribes

Native American tribes have been grouped by their geographic region.Even within the same region, different tribes practiced different ways of life, often spoke different languages, and engaged in differing and varied social traditions and practices. 

Arctic

• Eskimo, Aleut, Yupik Inuit

• Relied upon foraging techniques

• Mostly engaged in fishing and hunting for subsistence 

• During the summertime, they hunted Caribou 

• Due to the harsh environment, tribal bands were small

• They lived in dome-shaped houses of timber covered in fur

• Known for their rich folklore and storytelling traditions

Subarctic

• Alaska, Canada, and parts of the Northern United States

• Beaver, Cree

• Organized by kinship, but traded with other bands often

• In winter, they lived in small, partially dug outs 

• In the Summer, they lived in lean-tos

• Like the Arctic peoples, wearing fur clothing was necessary 

The Northeast

• More temperate climate and more heavily forested

• Extensive coastline, replete with rivers and lakes

• The tribes in this group all belong to the Algonquian language group

• Most engaged in horticulture and lived in small villages 

• Had a very robust trade network and alliances, such as the Iroquois Confederacy, a powerful group of tribes that relied on one another for support in trade and warfare

• They lived in wigwams or longhouses made of wood and bark, with some tribes adding animal pelts to their housing

The Southeast

• Warm-temperate region includes a small part of Texas, the Piedmont, and some of the Appalachian Mountains

• Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole - called the Five Civilized Tribes by early Americans 

• They engaged in highly successful agricultural practices and had complex political structures 

• Tribes in this region were able to support larger populations of towns and villages

• Grew the Three-Sisters crops (beans, squash, corn) as well as tobacco 

• Tribes lived in Earth-berm dwellings and were known for their complex religious rituals

The Plains

• Great Plains - flat short-grasses and rolling plains scrub brush with warm summers and cold winters 

• Arapaho, Cheyanne, Iowa,  Wichita, Jumano 

• Primarily used foraging techniques and horses 

• Not fully nomadic but rather had summer and winter territories 

• Engaged in various subsistence practices that hinge on horticulture, hunting, and gathering

• Lived in tepees and traveled in small bands 

• Best known for their Sun Dance Rituals and use of leather clothing and feathered headdresses

The Southwest

• Semi-arid and arid climate with more rain activity in basins

• Puebloan Indians grew the three-sisters crops and built their homes out of adobe

• Best known for their handicrafts, textiles, and sand paintings

• The nomadic Navajo, Comanche, & Apache lived in thatched houses that were easy to set up and tear down

California

• Varied ecosystems, including coastal, redwood, forest, grasslands, deserts, and mountains

• 20 distinct language families due to the varied environments

• Engaged in foraging and some agriculture, as well as fishing

• Depending on the landscape, tribes ranged from 25 individuals in small bands to larger villages with up to 100 people

• Includes the Tamien Nation, Yuki, Yokuts

The Great Basin

• Temperate in the North and subtropical in the south

• Includes the Great Salt Lake, parts of the Rocky Mountains, and the desert. Foraging was the main source of food & also relied on small game, nuts, and roots 

• Lived in tepees and brush houses

• The main group here was the Shoshone & they engaged in extensive rock art carvings and drawings

The Northwest Coast

• Coasts of Oregon and Washington

• Temperate and rainforest environment

• Relied on fishing and gathering coastal plants

• This environment allowed tribes to support large towns with over 100 people

• They lived in large houses and were known for their totem poles (large wooden carvings)

• Chinook, Tillamook, Cascades

The Plateau

• It consists of mountains, foothills, plateaus, and gorges

• Relatively dry except at high elevations

• Horticulturalists, as well as hunters and gatherers

• They lived in tepees and housing made from wood and were able to live in large tribes or small chiefdoms

• Tenino, Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs

When thinking about the significance of studying native peoples, consider the following:

• What we can learn from their way of life

• Enriching your students' knowledge

• Influence on American traditions and beliefs

• Give them knowledge of other ways of living

Black Plague

a disease that spread the European continent in the 1300s, killing more than one-third of the population. Traveling to Asia via the Silk Road became too dangerous. Europeans were fueled by a new energy created from a rebirth in the arts, music, and science. Science brought forth navigational tools that made travel westward across the Atlantic Ocean the goal of finding a new route to Asia. 

the three main motivators for exploration that European kings and queens sought.

1. riches

2. power

3. to spread Christianity

The motivation for the westward expansion included

1. Gold

2. God

3. Glory

conquistadors

ended up in North America failed to find gold, they did interact with native populations. Many of the interactions turned deadly, and often, the ___________ successfully claimed land while driving the native people off of their own land. 

colonies were established for

religious and economic reasons

Sir Walter Raleigh

In 1584, ______, tasked by the Queen of England, sent a group to establish a colony on Roanoke Island in North Carolina. After returning from a supply run, the captain had to bring the colonists home after a conflict with the Native Americans in the area. A second attempt at establishing the colony was made in 1587; however, this time, the colonists vanished, leaving behind “cro” engraved on a tree. This is thought to be about the Croatan Native American Tribe in the area. The mystery of the “Lost Colony” has never been solved, and it was not until 20 years later that another attempt at colonization would be made. 

Jamestown

Virginia Company of England chose to settle on a peninsula up the James River, forming the first permanent English Settlement of _______. They were searching for economic gains and believed the spot they selected would provide the resources needed to survive. Temperatures rose as spring turned to summer, and mosquitoes descended upon the settlers. Food began to spoil, water was tainted, and diseases spread. In less than a year, half of the settlers had died.

Captain John Smith

tough leadership and English supplies and reinforcements carried the settlement through the starving times and forced people into agriculture with a no-work, no-eat philosophy.

New England Colonies

• Plymouth

• Massachusetts Bay

• Maine

• Rhode Island

• New Hampshire

• Connecticut 

Mayflower

In 1620, the ________ left Plymouth, England, and set out for the Americas, with many passengers seeking riches and Christian Puritan Separatists setting out for religious freedom. After arriving at the new land, they named their spot Plymouth in honor of the port they departed from.

Squanto

Native American, who had been captured and taken to England and since returned to his native land. He communicated, thus teaching the settlers how to plant corn and fertilize the land. The settlers' survival was due to this interaction with the Native Americans. In 1621, the Native Americans and colonists shared a harvest feast, but their peaceful interactions did not last long.

Separatists

or Pilgrims, settled in Plymouth

Puritans

another religious freedom-seeking group settled in Massachusetts Bay. Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson split from the Puritan group for their religious beliefs and founded Rhode Island.

Mid-Atlantic Colonies

• New Jersey

• Pennsylvania

• Delaware

• New York

  Many Germans and Dutch found settlements in Pennsylvania, while the English settled in New York. The deep harbors in the rivers along the coastal towns allowed for easy travel, and the settlements grew as a result. 

it was called the “breadbasket.”  Many people settled here from Italy, Ireland, Sweden, Portugal, France, Denmark, and Germany; various foods, architecture, and languages were everywhere. 

William Penn, an English Quaker, brought his radical religious and social beliefs to his new colony, Pennsylvania. He believed women, Native Americans, Protestants, Catholics, and Jews were to be treated the same and that ministers were unnecessary.

Southern Colonies

• Maryland

• Virginia

• North Carolina

• South Carolina

• Georgia 

had wide rivers leading to harbors and ports. The rich, fertile land on the rolling hills of the Piedmont and warm, humid weather were perfect for growing certain crops.  intended timber as their main export, tobacco was their cash crop. Large farms and plantations were established by the wealthy, who relied on indentured servants and slave labor to increase their wealth. Many small farms were started by indentured servants who worked off their debts and earned freedom. The divide between the wealthy landowners and the poor workers was vast. Children of plantation owners were homeschooled, while poor children were not. There was little upward class mobility; people born into the poor lower class remained there.

American Revolution

With several British colonies in the Americas, colonial governors provided a direct link between the daily events in the colonies and the British government, which controlled them.  All major trade, economic matters, and war decisions came directly from the British Parliament. Local governments collected taxes and passed local laws. Colonial power and colonist wealth grew, leading Great Britain to tighten controls. The struggle for control eventually led to conflict between the colonists and the British government.The _______ was a war between the thirteen British colonies and King George III of England. 

Events that Led to the _______War

• In 1756, the British looked to the colonies to cover their financial hardships due to the war debt they incurred from the French and Indian War.  

• The British implemented unfair taxes and would not let the colonists expand into territories west of the Appalachian Mountains. 

• In 1765, a Stamp Act was passed.  

  • This act required that anything written on paper have an additional stamp purchased.  In 1767, the Townshend Acts were passed. These taxed imported goods, including tea.

• Anger grew among the colonists as the British passed more acts. The colonists, including a group called the Sons of Liberty, organized the political protest in 1773.

• As an act of defiance to the taxation, the colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. 

  • The effect of this was the passing of the Coercive Acts, which included the Quartering Act. 

  • In this, the people of Boston were forced to provide British troops with housing. 

• The First Continental Congress met in September 1774 to discuss the problems between the colonists and the British and call for boycotts. 

Patriots

those who wanted independence

loyalists

who remained loyal to the crown

French and Indian War.

In 1756, the British looked to the colonies to cover their financial hardships due to the war debt they incurred from the

Stamp Act

• This act required that anything written on paper have an additional stamp purchased.  In 1767, the Townshend Acts were passed. These taxed imported goods, including tea.

Sons of Liberty

organized the political protest in 1773.

The effect of boston Harbor

• The effect of this was the passing of the Coercive Acts, which included the Quartering Act. 

• In this, the people of Boston were forced to provide British troops with housing. 

First Continental Congress

• met in September 1774 to discuss the problems between the colonists and the British and call for boycotts. 

• the Second _____ met in 1775 to create the Continental Army and chose George Washington as the army's leader.

The Revolutionary War

• In April 1775, the American Revolution started with colonists squared off against the British soldiers sent to seize colonists' weapons. The short Battle at Lexington led the British to march on Concord, where they were outnumbered and forced to retreat.

• On July 4, 1776, the 13 colonies severed their political ties to the British and issued the Declaration of Independence.

  • American colonists declared independence from Great Britain with a letter written by Thomas Jefferson and revised by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. The Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence, and the letter was sent to King George III. 

  • The Declaration of Independence set the stage for some of the principles of the U.S. Constitution.

  • By 1783, a sovereign United States was formed, and the colonies were no longer held under the rule of the British government. 

  • The main challenge facing the early United States was economic, as the country had to repay $52 million in war debt to foreign countries. 

Articles of Confederation.

This document would set the foundation for our current government, but ultimately failed. The first version of government that our founders came up with

1. Transformed the 13 colonies into the United States of America.

2. State governments still had their own powers not listed in the Articles of Confederation.

3. The combined states were responsible for helping to protect each other from attacks.

4. People can travel freely from state to state; however, criminals who left the state where they committed the crime would be sent back for trial. 

5. Creates the Congress of the Confederation. Each state gets one vote in Congress and can send between 2 and 7 people to participate.

6. The new central government is responsible for working with other countries, including trade agreements and declaring war. States were required to have trained soldiers who could be ready to fight.

7. States could choose their own military leaders.

8. Only the new central government could declare war and make peace with foreign countries. 

9. Created a group called the Committee of States that could act for the Congress of Confederation when the Congress was not working.

10. Stated that Canada could join the U.S. if it wanted to. 

11. Each state government had to raise money for the new central government.

12. Stated that the new nation agreed to pay for earlier war debts via taxes. 

13. Declared that the Articles of Confederation were forever and could only be changed by the Congress of Confederation and if all the states agreed.

Federalists

Those who wanted a stronger federal government 

1. Wanted a federal constitution

2. James Madison, alexander hamilton, jon jay, ben franklin

3. wanted a strong federal givernment and less power dedicated to the states

4. protect property rights

5. opposed the bill of rights

6. checks and balances to protect against abuse of power

Anti-Federalists

Those who feared a federal government and preferred the states to have more power 

1. Opposed a federal constitution

2. samuel Adams, John Hancock, Patrick Henry

3. Wanted strong state governments and a less powerful central government

4. opposed a central bank of the US

5. Wanted a bill of rights

6. Disapproved of the presidential power to veto legislation

wrote a series of articles called the Federalist Papers to support a more centralized government under a new constitution. 

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

The Philadelphia Convention of 1787

Fifty-five delegates from the different states came together in May of 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to draft a new constitution. The Articles of Confederation were not working, and America needed a solution. 

George Washington presided over the convention. Federalists and Anti-federalists came to a head over whether more power should rest with the central or state governments. 

Great compromise:

• Established a bicameral Congress

• Representation in the House of Representatives is based on population

• In the Senate, every state gets two senators, regardless of population size

• Three-Fifths Compromise: 

• Southern states had large populations of enslaved African Americans and felt those enslaved people be counted for representation in the House.

• Northern states said no because enslaved people were not perceived as citizens (or even people at that time).

  • Agreed that they would count 3/5 of the slave population towards representation in the House

• Electoral College: 

• Only white males who owned property could vote.

• Each state gets representatives to the Electoral College.

• The College is responsible for selecting the president of the United States. 

  • In most elections (not all), the popular vote aligns with that of the Electoral College. 
    

Louisiana Purchase

doubled the land in the United States. This opened up our western borders.

Manifest Destiny

the actions leading to land acquisitions were not only justifiable but also destined.

The Cherokee v Georgia

Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee were an independent Nation residing in Georgia. However, as an independent nation, the Cherokee were subject to federal laws but not to Georgia state laws. 

Indian Removal Act

forcibly removed all Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes from the Eastern United States. 

Trail of Tears

Jackson ignored the court case ruling, and the Native Americans were forced West of the Mississippi River. Thousands died along the way. 

Reservations

Native Americans were displaced during this time. Eastern-dwelling Natives were removed from their lands and forced to new lands west of the Mississippi River. As Americans began moving farther west, the Native Americans were forced onto reservations. Reservations were usually on undesirable lands that made sustaining people difficult. Native Americans had many unfulfilled promises made to them by the government.

transcontinental railway

made travel into the West easier. As one group of people moved into the West seeking opportunities, another was being forced out of their homes and way of life. Children were taken from their families and sent to boarding facilities as a way of assimilation. The roles, functions, and traditions of the Native American Tribes were being dismantled and lost. 

Civil War

As tensions over states' rights continued to mount, the Southern states saw the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln as an indication that their way of life and their influence were over. The first state to secede, or leave the Union, was South Carolina in December of 1860. By 1861, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida had seceded from the Union. 

The tremendous economic differences between the North and the South created different feelings of American society. These differences became so vast that the country no longer felt united. This concept of sectionalism was an essential cause of the_____

sectionalism

was an essential cause of the Civil War.

Sectionalism - The North

• Varied economy based on industry, Large cities with rapid industrialization

• Economy based on free labor from a large immigrant population

Sectionalism - The South

• Economy based on agriculture, more rural with few cities

• Economy based on slave labor, with few immigrants

Sectionalism - The West

• The question of whether newly acquired territories would allow or prohibit slavery fueled sectional tensions

• Led to events like "Bleeding Kansas"

Abolitionist Movement 

• The belief that slavery should be abolished and the central cause of the war.

• The Second Great Awakening influenced white Americans to be abolitionists

• Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, and Harriet Beecher Stowe

Compromise of 1850

• California would enter the Union as a free state (the Gold Rush)

• New territories acquired from the Mexican-American War would decide for themselves (NV, NM, AZ)

• Texas was already annexed as an enslaved people's state

Missouri Compromise & Kansas-Nebraska Act

• The Missouri Compromise outlawed slavery in the Louisiana Purchase North of the 36th parallel

• The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise and created Kansas and Nebraska, which could vote on whether or not to allow slavery

Raid at Harper's Ferry

• Abolitionist John Brown led an attack on the arsenal at Harper's Ferry with a plan to establish a stronghold of free enslaved people in Maryland and Virginia

• Increased tensions between the North & South

Dred Scott Case

• The Fugitive Slave Act required escaped enslaved people to be returned to their plantation owners

• The Supreme Court decided that African American people (free or enslaved) did not have citizenship rights

Election of Abraham Lincoln

• Candidate for the (new) Republican Party (opposed expansion of slavery)

• Elected President in 1860, defeating democrat Stephen A. Douglas

• Southern states ceded 3 months later

Battle of Fort Sumter

The first official battle of the Civil War. Located in South Carolina, Union troops were occupying the fort when Confederate troops attacked it. The fort fell to the Confederacy and began the Civil War.

Battle of First Bull Run

Victor: Confederacy

It became clear at this battle that the Southern troops were well prepared for war. Southern men grew up riding horses through rough terrain for hunting, were experienced marksmen, and were defending their core beliefs. 

Antietam

While Union troops officially took a Confederate stronghold in Maryland, the casualties on both sides rendered the battle a stalemate. This battle was significant because it stopped General Lee’s invasion of the South.

Vicksburg

Victor: Union

The fort at Vicksburg was located on the Mississippi River and was critical for the South. Eventually, after many attempts, the Union soldiers could take control of the fort. This severed supply lines for the Confederacy and split the Confederacy along the Mississippi River.

Gettysburg

Victor: Union

While the casualties were extremely high on both sides, the Union ultimately won. This battle signifies how the South could not sustain a long war effort. The South did not have factories or shipyards and ran out of supplies. The North was much better equipped for a lengthy military campaign. After the battle, Lincoln gave his infamous Gettysburg Address, where he spoke about the war not as a means to punish the South but rather to maintain the Union.

The Emancipation Proclamation

on January 1, 1863.was issued by Abraham Lincoln, which freed all enslaved people in the Confederacy. 

Appomattox Courthouse.

The Civil War officially ended on April 9th, 1865, when Robert E. Lee surrendered at:

Civil War Amendments

The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments are known as the Civil War Amendments, as they were issued due to the Civil War. 

13th Amendment

1. Ratified in 1865

2. abolished slavery in the united states

14th amendment

1. ratified in 1868

2. granted full citizenship to all former slaves and anyone who was born in the U.S.

15th Amendment

1. Ratified in 1870

2. The right for all citizens, regardkess of race, to vote

Reconstruction

The idea of Reconstruction (sometimes called Radical Reconstruction) was to form a plan to reintegrate the Southern states and the newly freed people (about 4 million) into the Union.

Freedmen’s Bureau

to help settle the formerly enslaved people on these lands and to help build schools, houses, and hospitals.

Black Codes

restricted African Americans' voting and labor rights.

The Reconstruction Act of 1867

would divide the South into five military zones overseen by Northern soldiers. This gave the Northerners the confidence to move South, looking for economic opportunity and, sometimes, exploitation of the Southern situation. 

• These Northerners were called carpetbaggers.

• Southern sympathizers of Radical Reconstruction were known as scalawags to true Southern Democrats.

• It wasn’t until the Compromise of 1877 that the Southern Democrats and the Republicans finally agreed.

• Republican Rutherford Hayes would be elected president of the United States, and as a result, President Hayes pulled all troops out of the South.

• Southern Democrats swept in across the South and created new state laws that would disenfranchise African Americans.

• Organizations rooted in racial hierarchy beliefs were established, and Black Codes gave way to Jim Crow Laws all across the South.

• It would be almost 100 years until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, before African Americans would be free of Jim Crow Laws.

Successes of Reconstruction

1. African American men are elected into various political offices, and in some cases, they serve in Congress.

2. 13th Amendment - outlawing slavery

3. 14th Amendment - African Americans are defined as citizens with equal access to the law

4. 15th Amendment - all men have the right to vote

5. Opportunities for African Americans increased - access to education, starting businesses, running for office, and African American-owned institutions were formed.

6. New state constitutions were created in the South.

Failures of Reconstruction

1. Organizations rooted in racial hierarchy beliefs were established in the South. They target African American leaders, organizations, and citizens to terrorize minority communities.

2. Sharecropping - a new system to keep former field hands working in the fields. 

   
   

   The idea was that newly freed enslaved people would get a share in the profits, but in reality, it was another form of slavery as the “pay” was so small that families could not get ahead.

3. Jim Crow Laws legalized segregation, which meant that African American citizens did not have access to the same quality of amenities or institutions.

4. Black Codes were signed into law, which prohibited African American citizens from owning property, businesses, buying or leasing land, or even moving. 

   
   

   It also made homelessness illegal, so newly freed enslaved people were put into jail. These laws also kept African Americans from voting, as they introduced literacy tests for access to voting.

5. Plessy v. Ferguson was a decision by the Supreme Court that said segregation was legal as long as equal access was provided. 

   In the South, amenities for African Americans were not a same quality.

6. Redeemers were the collective name for former Confederate supporters who ran for office on the platform of getting rid of all Reconstruction-era policies and laws. Redeemers were elected all over the South, inhibiting the effectiveness of progressive policies.

Progressive Movement

in the United States was a social movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries that focused on social, political, and economic reforms.

The Panic of 1893

saw two of the largest companies in the United States collapse entirely. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the Cordage Company closed their doors, causing a huge stock market panic. 

Thousands of railroads, banks, and steel companies would also fall to bankruptcy that year. This disaster led to political realignment and the birth of several reform movements. It also led to American Imperialism. 

The Populist Party

Also called the People’s Party,had roots in the Greenback Party.

• The Greenbacks were influenced by local Granges, farming community groups, who wanted labor reforms, such as an 8-hour workday.

• The Populists kept the same labor reform platform and added their feelings on banning foreign-owned land in the U.S. and allowing state-controlled railroads.

• The 16th Amendment (income tax) and the 17th Amendment (direct election of senators) were a part of the Populist agenda.

• Populists were big supporters of the Temperance Movement, and women were active in the party.

• They lobbied alongside the Women’s Christian Temperance Union for the 18th Amendment on Prohibition in 1919, overturned by the 21st Amendment in 1933.

• William Jennings Bryan and George Wallace were well-known Populists.

Child Labor

• Young children were working in factories and mines.

• Children were denied an education while working.

• The National Child Labor Committee lobbied for federal laws against child labor. 

• While federal laws didn’t stick, many states passed labor minimum age laws.

Factory Conditions

• Unsanitary conditions of the food processing plants

• No benefits for death or injury on the job

• The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire led to the death of 150 women because of unsafe building conditions.

• Creation of the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1906

• Pure Food and Drug Act

• Meat Inspection Act

• Muller v Oregon (1908) established the 10-hour workday for women.

• Workmen's Compensation Act of 1916

Urban Housing

• Urban poverty was rampant.

• Those in poverty lived in unsafe tenement houses with poor sanitation.

• Diseases spread quickly.

• The Tenement Housing Act of 1901 aimed to improve conditions in the city’s tenements, particularly regarding ventilation, waste removal, and fire safety.

• Jane Addams established Hull House Settlement to provide basic care to impoverished city-dwellers.

Monopolies

• Several American conglomerates had formed, and some became monopolies.

• Congress enacted a number of antitrust laws to combat unfair business practices.

• The Sherman Act of 1890  outlawed monopolies (broke up Sandford Oil).

• The Clayton Act of 1914 bans discriminatory prices.

• The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 bans unfair methods of competition.

• Railroad & Transportation regulations

• Governor Hogg passed the Texas Antitrust Law (1888) to prevent monopolies over Texas's oil and railroad industries.

Political Machines

• Political Machines such as Tammany Hall controlled who would be put forth for election.

• Americans wanted direct primaries.

• Referendum & Recall championed by Robert LaFollette.

• The 17th Amendment allows for the direct election of senators.

Anti-Alcohol Reform

• The Second Great Awakening heavily supported prohibition.

• Alcohol was evil and should be outlawed.

• Supported by women (Temperance Movement) who saw their husbands drink their paychecks away

• The 18th Amendment outlaws alcohol.

Women’s Rights

• The National American Women’s Suffrage Association wanted women to have the right to vote.

• Led by Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Jane McCallum led the suffrage movement in Texas. 

• 19th Amendment granted women’s suffrage.

• Jane McCallum became the first female Secretary of State under two governors. 

Immigration Opposition

Progressives wanted to limit immigration and immigrant rights and preserve homogeneity.

• The Immigration Act of 1924 established immigrant quotas.

• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1917

Municipal Reform

• Towns needed a better infrastructure. 

• Town commissions

• City Governments that followed a business structure

• Municipally owned utilities 

The Wright Brothers

created the first airplane, which changed how people traveled and transported goods.